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摘要：The building industry and the civil engineering industry together are often referred to as the construction industry, and many firms operate in both sectors, even though their staff and organizations may be largely separate.

R COSTS
In today’s fast-paced industrialized age, where many of the products we see are increasingly being mass produced in factories by machines, a building still remains as one of the few handcrafted products put together piece by piece by craftsmen. The construction industry, to which these craftsmen belong, is one of the most labor-intensive industries in the US. The labor cost component of a building project often ranges from 30 to 50%, and can be as high as 60% of the overall project cost. Therefore, it is clear that construction labor is a vital component of a construction project. (Calin, M 2003)
Labor costs in construction are determined by two factors: monetary and productivity. The monetary factor is related to hourly wage rates, wage premiums, insurance, fringe benefits, and taxes. Estimating the components of the monetary factor is more difficult in construction than in any other YS industry. This is due to the variety of work involved in construction, as well as the many types of trades involved. The problem is further complicated by the presence of the unions with their craft structures and collective bargaining processes. Although the computational process of this component seems complex and tedious, it is only a matter of accounting as the needed number (such as wage rates, fringe benefits, and insurance). The second factor, which is much more difficult to deal with, is productivity. (Calin, M 2003)
The formula for computing the total cost of labor is quite simple. It requires the knowledge of the total work hours or labor hours needed to perform all the tasks and then applying the corresponding wage rates. The formula for calculating the total cost of labor is shown in Eq. (6.1)
Total cost of labor = ∑ total work hour (i) × wage rates (i) (6.1)
Determining the total work hours for a task involves a knowledge of the quantity of work required for the task and the productivity rate for the specific crew that will be performing the work. The formula for calculating the total work hour is shown in Eq. (6.2)
Total work hour = ∑ quantity of work (i) ÷ productivity rate (i) (6.2)

Chapter 8
INSURANCE
The contract documents stipulate for the owner’s protection that the construction contractors must carry various types of insurance. Insurance is a two-party instrument.With an insurance policy, the specified losses encountered by a general contractor and various subcontractors and suppliers become the responsibility of the insurance company. (Calin, M 2003)
Along with the insurance required in the contract agreement provided at the invitation to bid, state or governmental agencies often require additional types of insurance. All this insurance is not free. It costs money and that cost must be estimate. The cost of insurance is an important cost component and is estimated to vary between 2 and 5% of the direct contract. It is usually included as a line cost items in jobsite overhead. (Calin, M 2003)
Insurance cost represents the cost of life, theft, accident, and liability insurance for equipment. Generally, insurance cost and taxes for equipment are annual costs, as a percentage of the initial cost. In the US, insurance is about 3%, taxes are about 3%, and storage cost is about 1%. (Calin, M 2003)
7 Professional fees
8 Other consequences costs
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