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-220
purpose built 140-180
Warehouses 90-120
Workshops (excluding machinery) 100-130
Educational buildings
Laboratories 230-300
Primary schools 180-250
Secondary schools 160-200
Universities 170-230
Leisure
Community centers 240-290
Gymnasia 160-190
Hotels 400-500
Public houses 200-270
Restaurants 230-290
Social canters 240-290
Sports halls 130-170
Swimming pools 180-240
Health and welfare facilities
Children's home 290-360
General hospitals 400-450
Health centers 190-250
Residential buildings
Local Authority and Housing Association schemes
high rise flats 150-190
4/5 person, two storey houses 130-190

4.5 Alterations and repairs

Chapter 5
COST OF THE EQUIPMENT
Modern construction is characterized by the increasing utilization of equipment to accomplish numerous construction activities. According to Means’ Illustrated Construction Dictionary, equipment refers to all the equipment, tools, and apparatus necessary for the proper construction and acceptable completion of a project. In a construction project, equipment costs are typically divided into portion. The first and bigger portion covers the cost of equipment and is often referred to as equipment cost. The cost of equipment is one of the major cost categories in a construction project. It represents the cost of acquiring the equipment and the cost of operating that equipment during the construction processes. The second and smaller portion covers the cost of hand tools. This represents a smaller portion of the project cost and often calculated as a percentage of payroll costs. It is added to the indirect cost under the jobsite overhead. ( Calin, M 2003)
Construction requires large quantities of materials handling, horizontally and vertically. In its simplest form, a construction operation is the moving of material from one location to another. The primary function of equipment is to handle and move varieties of materials around the construction site. For example, a construction site may need to be leveled, thus involving the excavation of soil material from one area and the transporting of the excavated material to fill in another location onsite. The complexity of an operation increases as the requirement for final placing or installation increases. An example is the erection of structural steel members in a structural steel frame building. The members are hoisted from the hauling unit or storage location onsite and are moved and placed at the desired final location on the building structure. Structural steel workers then bolt and weld the members in place. These examples illustrate how the primary function of equipment is to handle and move materials on a construction site. (Calin, M 2003)
Many factors can influence the expected performance of equipment on a construction site. These factors can be group into three categories: site conditions, the nature of the work, and equipment characteristics. (Calin, M 2003)
Equipment selection must also consider the possibility of shared utilization of selected equipment. Cost is certainly an important consideration in equipment selection. (Calin, M 2003)
Equipment costs rank second behind labor costs in terms of uncertainty and their effects on the outcome of any本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。