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摘要：The building industry and the civil engineering industry together are often referred to as the construction industry, and many firms operate in both sectors, even though their staff and organizations may be largely separate.

determined. Many of the details relating to spot items will also need to be obtained on the site. A worked example of the measurement of demolition and alteration work is provided in Advanced Building Measurement. (Ivor, H. S 1999)

When visiting the site the quantity surveyor should also be on the look-out for any unusual items which affect cost, and which should accordingly be included in the billed description. A check in the type of soil and groundwater level comes into this category, unless the information is supplied by the architect, probably in the form of particulars from trial pits or boreholes excavated on the site. With landfill or brown field sites, it is also necessary to check on possible land contamination, with the likely consequential high cost of removing contaminated soil and remedial measures, including the extraction of landfill gases such as methane. (Ivor, H. S 1999)
Site preparation
The first building operation is normally the excavation of the topsoil for preservation over the whole area of the building and this usually forms the first excavation item in the Excavating and Filling section of the bill of quantities. Spreading soil on the site to make up levels is measured in m³, distinguishing between average thickness ≤ and ≥ 250. (Ivor, H. S 1999)
Excavation of Foundation Trenches
When measuring foundation trenches it is advisable to separate the trenched into external and internal walls. There the external wall foundation is of constant width and the site is level, its measurement presents no real difficulty with the length being obtained by the normal girthing method. Where the site is sloping and stepped foundations are introduced the process of measurement of the foundation trench excavation is more complex, since each length of trench will have to be dealt with separately. It is good policy to use a schedule for this purpose giving the lengths, levels, average depths within maximum depth ranges, and widths of trench for each section between steps. The sum of the length of all the individual sections will need to be checked against the total calculated length to avoid any possibility of error. (Ivor, H. S 1999)
After measuring the excavation for external wall foundations, the internal wall foundations will be taken, and this will often involve a number of varying lengths and widths of foundations, which are best collected together in waste and the drawing suitably marked as each length is extracted. (Ivor, H. S 1999)
Disposal of Excavated Material
The subsequent disposal of excavated material forms a separate billed item in m³, either of soil to be stored on site, used as filling to make up levels, filling to excavations, or to be removed off the site. (Ivor, H. S 1999)
Basement excavation is measured to the outside of foundation in m³ stating the maximum depth range. Working space allowance is measured in m² on the external face of the basement walls, there the face of the excavation is > 60 from the face of the tanking or protective walls. (Ivor, H. S 1999)
It is usual to take the basement excavation as disposal of excavated material off site in the first instance and to later adjust the filling to excavation where appropriate. (Ivor, H. S 1999)
Earthwork Support
Support to the side of excavation is measured in m² to trenches, pits, and the like, where >250 in depth, whether the support本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。