英语论文网

cies' managers generally recognize the need for facilities that serve efficiently the purposes of government and seek ways to overcome obstacles to effective cost management.
The sponsors of the Federal Construction Council (FCC) 2 asked the Building Research Board (BRB) to undertake a study of the use of life-cycle cost analysis a formal set of principles and procedures for considering total costs of ownership for setting building design criteria. This document is the final report of that study. (National Research Council Staff, 1991)

Chapter 2
THE BIDDING PROCESS
Bidding can be considered as one of the most important processes in a whole building project and contractor’s operations. In order to get the work, the company contractor has to be successful at bidding for the project. The higher bidding means the more profits, but it leads to the less opportunity to get the contract. Due to this reason, successful bidding must ensure that the contractor can perform the work and achieve the desired profit. Especially in a period of limited construction opportunities, the competition is high. If the bidding is too low, may cause the contractor working for little or no profit, even working at loss. In other words, bidding may create a company, but also can destroy a company. The staff of a contractor must be carefully calculated the planning and cost estimates of each project in order to come up with the suitable bid. According to Walker (2003), the average percentage of work performed by subcontractors is between 40 to 70%, this result is from surveys which are conducted by The Associated General Contractors of American. The expenditure for subcontracted work can reach 60% to 80% of a bid (Ostwald, 2001). It is quite difficult to find a contractor that can perform all the work in a project, because a bidding construction project is a complex undertaking.
The contractor’s selection can affect the bidding process. One of the important factors that may affect the subcontractor to select the contractor is that the regulations imposed by the local authorities. This phenomenon is common, particularly in the United States.
Competition is an existing phenomenon. The competitiveness of the project depends on the cost effectiveness of the general contractor. And similarly, the cost effectiveness of the general contractor rest with the cost effectiveness of the subcontractor. The contractor engages a subcontractor and the owner engages the general contractor through the same way. But as mentioned before, not all of the work can be performed by the same subcontractor, and so it is possible for the contractor to employ other subcontractor or subcontractor engage other specialized subcontractor to finish parts of the work.

Chapter 3
DESIGN COSTS
Construction project design conducts a comprehensive planning and specific arrangements for the process of the construction. Design has an important impact on project cost and it is the most important stage of the project investment. Whether the design will provide the most economic building or not is greatly depends on the client and his situation. The degree of the project definition is based on the percentage of completed architectural and engineering designs, and it gives useful information to the estimator to evaluate the cost of buildings.
Durin本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。