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如下分析:
(1)Several Shakespearian characters were ruined by their desires for power.
(2)Cassius was one such character.
(3)He overthrew Julius Caesar to possess the emperor' s power but died by having Pindarus, his slave, stab him with the same sword he had used to kill Casesar.
(2)Macbeth was another power-hungry character.
(3)To take over the crown, he assassinated his king, only to be killed later by Macduff.
(2)Edmund inKing Learwas also ruined by an unnatural desire for power.
(3) After gaining his father' s title and fortune through lies and intrigues, Edmund was killed by his triumphant brother, the lawful heir.
(1)So Shakespeare has created several disastrous characters destroyed by their desires for power.
可以看出,标号为(1)的句子概括性最强,为段落的主题句或重述,标号为(2)的句子引出论据,标号为(3)的句子是对论据的逐步细节化。如果用图解的方式分析段落论证轨迹,我们可以清楚地看到段落内部语句间的纵向深入和平行并列现象,如下图所示:
单项平行并列和纵向深入结构简单、明了,思路清晰,但论证细节略显单薄。
2.多重并列和纵向深入
同样,用(1)号标号代表概括性最强的主题句和重述,(2)、(3)、(4)……标号的句子分别代表不同层次语义水平的论据细节,对下文分析如下:
(1) Penguins resemble human beings in many aspects.
(2)Penguins resemble human beings in their domestic life.
(3)Some penguins keep the same mate for several years.
(3)Also like people, these birds of Antarctic region live in colonies.
(4)In fact, they are sometimes so crowded together that they barely have rooms for their nests.
(3)In addition, penguin' s domestic life is like the domestic life of many humans in that both parents care for the young.
(2)Penguins also enjoy fun.
(3)For example, they often ride on floes for no other reason than pleasure.
(3)Swimming together is another activity they enjoy.
(2)Finally, some of the birds of the South Pole, like some humans, are thieves.
(3)They steal from each other the pebbles used for nest-building.
(4)When one bird catches another in the act, a great disturbance resembling a human quarrel ensues.
(1)So people have no reason not to believe that penguins are similar to human beings in these respects.
在上面的段落中,标号为(1)的句子分别为主题句和重述(restatement),两者之间存在并列关系。标号为(2)的句子分别引出论据,其余标号的句子是对论据的进一步阐释和细化。与单项平行并列和纵向深入有所不同的是,上文的三组论据中,各组均出现了重复的标号,说明一条论据内出现了语义并列的两个或多个句子,我们将这种纵向深入与同时拓宽论据覆盖面的论证模式称为“多重并列和纵向深入”(见图2所示)。
由上图可知,标号为(3)的句子共有5个,它们在语义的概括程度上与主题句的距离是相等的,相互间存在着并列关系。与单项平行并列和纵向深入相比,论据的多重并列和纵向深入使论据显得更加充分、饱满、有力,说服力更强。

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