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they are treated differently. In both countries the elderly are shown respect. Young people will give them a seat on a bus or train or will open a door for them. In both countries older people may ride the bus or go to a show for less money than the young have to pay.
Nevertheless, in Japan the elderly have the highest respect. Grandparents live with their families all their lives. They help to raise the grandchildren. If anyone need advice, the first person to be asked is the grandfather, because he is the wisest.
In the United States, the grandparents live with other old people in “Senior citizen” places. They see their grandchildren only on holidays or special times. I think it is better for families to live together in companionship.
这篇文章运用比较对照的方式说明了文章引言段中的主题:在日本与美国,人们对待老年人的态度既有相同点又有不同点。在第二段中,作者先列举了一些相同点,如人们为老年人让座、开门、老年人坐车或看节目票价优惠等。在第三段的开头,作者用了“Nevertheless”这一转折词,从相同点自然过渡到不同点:日本的老年人与子女住在一起,享受天伦之乐,而美国的老年人却住在“老人院”,难得见到儿孙的面,等等。在最后的结论段,作者阐述了自己的观点。这篇文章选材妥当贴切,所比较对照的对象极具可比性。

 

4.　因果分析(Explaining by Causal Analysis)
所谓因果关系说明文包含有两个方面,一个是看到一种现象推断某成因,一个是根据某一现象的特点推测它可能的发展或者是它在某种条件变化下的可能结果。
分析原因和结果是个复杂的过程。写因果说明文时,切记以下几点:
①分析原因时切不可过于简单化;
②尤其要注意不要犯逻辑错误;
③要区分直接原因与间接原因、直接后果与间接后果以及主要原因与次要原因、主要结果与次要
结果;
④不要遗漏一系列原因和结果中的任何一个环节;
⑤语言要客观,分析要有根据,事实要确凿。
范文:Desert are spreading very rapidly mainly for two reasons.
First, in some regions there are too many cattle, goats and sheep. These animals eat the plants which would keep the topsoil from washing or blowing away. Next , in areas where people depend on wood for heating and cooking, trees are cut down. If these areas are overpopulated, every piece of burnable wood may disappear. Consequently, the desert move in.
这篇短文先指出结果Deserts are spreading very rapidly,后分析原因,如牛羊过多导致绿草减少。人为乱砍滥伐,森林遭到破坏。原因分析真实可信,重点突出,给人留下深刻印象。

 

5.　过程叙述(Explaining by Process Analysis)
介绍过程的说明文可分为两种。一种是指示性的,告诉读者该如何一步步去进行某事,比如,某种电器设备的使用说明。另一种是提供关于某个过程的知识与信息的,比如介绍钢铁的冶炼过程。
写这类说明文时要注意:
①文字表达要清楚;
②对所写过程的分解也要清楚,完整,不留漏洞;
③尽可能使用生动有趣的语言,以便使一个不熟悉的过程介绍不至于让人感到乏味。
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