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e breathingheavily, nightmares keeping me awake. Thosesymbols lived in the emotional centers of my brain.As their meanings changed, I felt emotional pain.上面这段文字说明了一个过程:人们用一个领域的经历的用语来表达另一个领域的经历。经常是用日常生活领域的用语来表达抽象的或者新的经历。“The metaphor can be understood as a map-ping (in the mathematical sense) from a source do-main to a target domain.”THE LOVE-AS-JOURNEY MAPPING—The lovers correspond to travelers.—The love relationship corresponds to the ve-hicle.—The lovers’common goals correspond totheir common destinations on the journey.———Difficulties in the relationship correspondto impediments to travel.隐喻体现的3个特点为解释词义的发展提供了崭新的视角:The systematicity in the linguistic correspon-dences.The use of metaphor to govern reasoning andbehavior based on that reasoning.The possibility for understanding novel exten-sions in terms of the conventional correspondences.隐喻的3个特点对于解释旧词如何获得新义很有帮助。旧词通过隐喻获得新义是有系统性的,也就是说,并不是具有任意性的。隐喻思维支配着人们的推理过程,并由此推理过程支配着人们的行为。隐喻思维有助于解释旧词获得新义的过程。借用Fauconnier先生的模式,隐喻是混成的(blending),旧词新义的产生如图1所示。

2001年9月11日美国发生撞击纽约世贸大厦的恐怖事件以后,“九一一”已经成为汉语里的一个流行词。根据英语中日期的表示法,“9月11日”应该是September 11,但是也可以写成“911”。例如,美国的《幽灵》(Spook)杂志就出版了“九一一增刊”(911 Special Supplement),自称includesthoughts, memories, and comments about theWorld Trade Center attack。说来也巧, 911这个数字在美国几乎都是跟紧急情况联系在一起的。在中国,遇到紧急情况,我们都知道“打110电话报警”;在英国,报警的电话(the telephonenumber in Britain to call the police, fire or ambu-lance services in an emergency)是999,所以要说“Dial 999”;在美国,报警的电话则是911,所以一有紧急情况就要说“Call 911”!美国有一个911 Alarm,叫做“911火警监视站”;美国的另一个机构是911 Pictures,叫做“911照片”,专门收藏火灾、警案、急救等现场的照片;至于911 Security(911安全局)则是处置紧急情况的机构;我们在因特网上还可以看到美国有很多以911命名的机构、公司和产品,例如,911 Col-lision Center(911车祸中心)是个汽车修配店(au-tobody repair shop)。Earth’s 911(911环保协会)是致力于环境保护的机构;Email 911(911电子邮件)是一个研究如何保护电子邮件的机构。我们甚至还能见到名叫Pets 911(911宠物保护)的网站。

总之,凡是使用911的任何机构、公司和产品都跟紧急情况有关,难怪美国人对”911”没有好感,而恐怖事件偏偏发生在911!George Lakoff在上述文章中还分析了美国政府形容911事件的用语:The administration’s framings and reframingsand its search for metaphors should be noted. Theinitial framing was as a“crime”with“victims”and“perpetrators”to be“brought to justice”and“pun-ished.”The crime frame entails law, courts,lawyers, trials, sentencing, appeals, and so on. Itwas hours before“crime”changed to“war”with“casualties,”“enemies,”“military action,”“warpowers,”and so on.Because the concept of“war”doesn’t fit,there is a frantic search for metaphors. First, Bushcalled the terrorists“cowards”-but this didn’t seemto work too well for martyrs who willing sacrificedtheir lives for their moral and religious ideals. Morerecently he has spoken of“smoking them out oftheir holes”as if they were rodents, and Rumsfeldhas spoken of“drying up the 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。