nting press books became cheaper and literacy becamemore common. Many books were printed in English instead ofLatin. The dialect of London, where most publishing houseswere located, became the Standard English. And the spellingand grammar of English also became fixed. Consequently, theprinting press brought standardization to English.
2.3.3 Borrowing Greek and Latin wordsDuring this period, some humanism scholars made someresearches on the culture of the Greece and Rome. As a result, amount of Greek and Latin words flowed into the EnglishLanguage. Most borrowing Greek words were technological andacademic words, such as arithmetic , prologue , astronomy ,and poetry . Most borrowing Latin words were about management and art, such as arbitrator , executor , and memorandum .
2.4 Late-Modern English (1800-Present)
2.4.1The Influence of the Industrial and Scientific Revolutions The industrial and scientific revolutions created a need forneologisms to describe the new creations and discoveries. Forthis English was heavily dependent on Latin and Greek. Wordslike vaccine , protein , nuclear , and oxygen which didnot exist in the classical languages previously were createdfrom Latin and Greek roots at that time. English roots were also used for such terms as typewriter , airplane , andhorsepower . This burst of neologisms continues in the fieldof electronics and computers today. Byte , bios , cyber- ,microchip , and hard-drive are good examples.
2.4.2 The Britain Empire and Global TradeThe rise of the British Empire and the growth of globaltrade served not only to introduce English to the world, but also to introduce words into English. The British Empire was amaritime empire surrounded by sea. Foreign trade of Englishmen mainly relied on the ships. When Englishmen s merchantfleets arrived in the other countries, they had to speak the local languages to communicate with the local people. So theylearnt lots of vocabularies of other countries. Some Englishwords came from Spanish and Portuguese, such as armada ,canoe , embargo , and hurricane . Some English wordscame from Arabic, such as zero , algebra , alcohol . Actually many languages in the world have contributed to the development of English, from Chinese and Japanese to the vastcontributions of French and Latin. Through the history of English language development, wefind that the social changes influenced the origin and development of English profoundly and many foreign words were borrowed into English, which virtually enriched English itself.English has been gradually developing to be a standard, expressive, and global language.
[1]Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A history of the English Language [M] Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.
[2]Gerry Knowles, A cultural history of the English language[M].Beijing: Peking University Press, 1979.
[3]李赋宁 英语史 北京 商务印书馆
[4]武恩义 赵刚松 英语的形成及其发展变化 雁北师范学报 文科版
[5]曾传生 外来语对英语的影响及英语的变化 海南大学学报社会科学版
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