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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2015-05-25编辑:felicia点击率:37234
论文字数:15073论文编号:org201505042026249732语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
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摘要:对于一个企业的成长而言,领导人的动机和决策直接关乎企业的成败,本文就简要介绍企业发展过程中动机的重要性。
Effort-Performance linkage, whereby the entrepreneur believes that a certain amount of effort will lead to performance
2.4. Measure Instruments for Need of Achievement
Brief Overview
David C. McClelland's and his associates investigated achievement motivation, in an attempt to explain how individuals express their preferences for particular outcomes-a general problem motivation, whereby the need to achieve refers to an entrepreneur's preference for success under conditions of competition. This was made easy by Mc Cleland's Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a series of pictures that subjects were asked to interpret through writing stories about them. Using the results based on the TAT, it was found out that people in a society can be grouped into two groups namely; high achievers and low achievers, based on their scores on what Mc Cleland called “N-Ach” (Shaver and Scott 1991).
From the tests that have later been done, there are indications that the A-Ach scores increases with a rise in occupational level, whereby entrepreneurs, managers, and businessmen,( who are not gamblers, and who accept risk only to the degree they believe their personal contributions will make a difference in the final outcome) are invariably high scorers (Gong, 2003). More investigations into the characteristics of the high achievers have indicated that accomplishment on the work represents an end in itself, where monetary rewards serve as an index of this accomplishment
According to Hitt et al (2006), differences linked to individual and to national accomplishment depend on the presence or absence of a motivation to achieve, in addition to economic resources or the infusion of financial assistance. High achievers can be viewed as satisfying a need for self actualization through accomplishments as a result of particular knowledge, experience, and environment through which they have lived.
Measurement
The techniques used to measure N-Ach, N-Afill, and N-Pow, takes into account Murray's model of human needs and motivational processes, that introduces the idea of “situation tests” and multi-rater or multi-method assessments. It identifies the significance of need for achievement, power and affiliation, placing them into the context of an integrated motivational model (Hitt et al, 2006).
According to Hitt et al (2006), trait-based personality theory has it those high-level competencies like initiative, creativity and leadership, like the one possessed by most multiple entrepreneurs, can be assessed using “Internally Consistent Measures”, whereas Mc Cleland measures has it that such competencies are hard and demanding activities which will neither be developed or displayed unless individuals are carrying out activities they care about i.e. activities that they are strongly motivated to undertake. It is the cumulative number of independent, but cumulative and substitutable, components of competence they bring to bear while seeking to carry out these activities that will determine their success (Hitt et al 2006).