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在这篇论文中，替补的角色在造船业不太重要的因为没有提供船舶的造船业足够的替代品。另外，也没有那么多的经济的运输方式运输。因此，政府的作用将因各国政府的政策发挥到造船业关键作用被讨论，而不是替代品。

< Industry Competitors >

行业竞争对手

From the global perspective of view, the most powerful countries affecting shipbuilding market are EU, China, Japan, Korea and others. Japanese and European shipbuilders had dominated the shipbuilding market by 1960s. After 1980s, Korean and Chinese yards have occupied larger portion of orders. Those four players have competitive advantages in different components. For example, Chinese shipbuilders have cost advantages while European yards have financing ability and advanced technology. Korean giant yards have short lead time to construct a ship and can guarantee higher quality. However, those countries are mainly competing in the fields of cost advantages. In other words, the cost advantages can be substituted for profit margin. Furthermore severe cost competition is caused by the following components.

从全球的角度看，影响船舶市场最强大的国家是欧盟，中国，日本，韩国等。日本和欧洲的造船已由20世纪60年代占主导地位的造船市场。20世纪80年代以后，中国和韩国船厂占有较大的部分订单。这四名成员都有不同的竞争优势。例如，中国造船企业的成本优势而欧洲拥有融资能力和先进的技术。韩国巨头能用很短的时间建造船只，并可以保证高质量。然而，这些国家主要是在成本优势的领域竞争。换句话说，成本优势可以取代利润率。此外，严重的成本竞争是由以下部件引起的。

High overhead cost and surplus facility

高管理费用和剩余设备

Lots of competitors

大量的竞争者

High withdrawal barrier

高退出壁垒

For the purpose of maintaining employment and defense industry, many countries want to operate shipyards even if they lost competitiveness and the yard facilities such as docks are not easily transformed to use for other products. Figure 16 shows that the naval shipbuilding market still dominated by North America and Europe.

为了维持就业和国防工业的用途，很多国家即使失去了竞争力仍想维持船厂，并且硬件设施如码头不易转化用于其他产品。图16显示了海军造船市场在北美和欧洲仍然占主导地位。

Figure Market share in naval shipbuilding by region (in USD)

区域海军造船市场份额图

Source: ECORYS (2009), Study on the Competitiveness of the European Shipbuilding Industry

< Potential Competitors >

潜在竞争者

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