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Filtering refers to a sender's purposely manipulating information so it will be seen mare favorably by the receiver. For example, when a manager tells his boss what he feels his boss wants to hear, he is filtering information.

The major determinant of filtering is no. of levels in the organization structure .The more vertical levels in the organizations hierarchy, the more opportunities there are for filtering. But you can expect some filtering to occur whenever there are status differences. Factors such as fear of conveying bad news and the desire to please one's boss often lead employees to tell their superiors what they think those superiors want to hear, thus distorting upward communications.

Selective Perception

We have mentioned it earlier. It appears again here because the receivers in the communication process see and hear based on their needs, motivations, experience, background and other personal characteristics. Receivers also project their interests and expectations into communications as they decode them. The employment interviewer who expects a women job applicant to put her family ahead if her career is likely to see that female applicants, regardless of whether the applicants feel that way or not

Information Overload

Individuals have a fine capacity for processing data. As noted in our previous discussion of e-mail, when the information we have to work with exceeds our processing capacity, the result is information overload .And with e-mails, phone calls, faxes, meetings and the need to keep current in one's field, more and more managers and professionals are complaining that they're suffering overload.

What happens when individuals have more information than they can sort out and use? They tend to select out, ignore, pass over or forget information. Or they may put off further processing until the overload situation is over. Regardless, the result is lost information and less effective communication

Emotions

How the receiver feels at the time of receipt of a communication will influence how he or she interprets it. The same message received when you are angry is often interpreted differently from when you're happy. Extreme emotions such as jubilation or depression are most likely to hinder effective communication.

In such instances, we are most prone to disregard our national and objective thinking processes and substitute emotional judgments.

Language

Words mean different thing to different people. Age, education and cultural background are three of the more obvious variables that influence the language a person uses and the definitions he or she gives to words.

In an organization, employees usually come from diverse backgrounds. The grouping of the employees into departments creates specialists who develop their own "buzzwords" or technical jargon. In large organizations, members are also frequently widely dispersed geographic本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。