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“Alienation”literally means“the feeling of not being part of society or a group”.Alienation is a multifarious phenomenon that is associated with many areas of humanexistence.The term“alienation”can be traced back through Middle English and Old French to classical Latin.The term“alienation,”originating in the Latin“alienatio,”hasbeen used through the ages with various meanings such as“transfer of ownership,”“paralysis or loss of one’s mental powers or sense,”“cooling of a warm relationship,with another,”“renouncing,”“robbing”(Schacht,1970:10).The older meaning inwhich“alienation”is used to denote an insane person.This thesis analyzes alienation inSweet Tooth by adopting the alienation theory of Erich Fromm,who is anotherrepresentative of the Frankfurt School and a famous American philosopher andpsychoanalytic psychologist.Fromm not only analyzes the causes of alienation from theperspective of both social environment and psychological factors,but more importantly,he proposes a way to reject the phenomenon of alienation.It is a humanistic theory ofalienation based on a summary of others’ideas about alienation.

Friedrich Schiller first defined the idea of alienation and dehumanization thetwenty-seven letters in his 1793 book,Briefeüber die aesthetische Erziehung desMenschen.According to Schiller’s 25th letter on“aesthetic education,”alienation(German:Entfremdung)is necessary for a man to develop into an individual.GeorgWilhelm Friedrich Hegel presented the first exhaustive and systematic treatment of thisuniversal predicament of man in his Phänomenologie des Geistesand.It laid thefoundation for twentieth-century existentialism as well as Karl Marx.Hegel deducedthat alienation led to the alienation of subject and object which was clearly idealistic.Heexpanded it from the perspective of man’s relationship with nature and extendingalienation to the realm of man’s relationship with man.Hegel was greatly influenced byboth Friedrich Schiller and Johann Gottlieb Fichte,who used the term“Entäusserung,”meaning“surrender”or“divestiture earlier.

1.2Erich Fromm’s Theory of Alienation

Fromm defines the concept of alienation.“By alienation is meant a mode ofexperience in which the person experiences himself as an alien”(Fromm,2002:117).He believes that alienation is a state that man experiences the world and himselfpassively as a subject separated from the object.He argues that in the state of alienation,man does not regard himself as the active possessor of his own energy and power.Herelies on such a powerless‘thing’of forces outside of man,projecting the essence of hislife onto this thing.Thus,alienation,as Fromm understood it,is an experience of anindividual,a spiritual and psychological process in which an individual loses his ownsubjectivity,feels dependent not on his own power but on forces outside himself,andthus feels himself dominated by his own actions.

Fromm explains his concept of alienation.“The alienated person is out of touchwith himself as he is out of touch with any other person”(Fromm,2002:117).The alienated man experiences things by his senses as well as using common sense,just ashe本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。