Tourism Essay-邮轮行业的利弊 [3]
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论文字数:2401论文编号:org201511061935181877语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:Cruise Industry利弊邮轮行业邮轮行业
摘要:本文主要讨论邮轮行业的发展,旅游业的发展促使邮轮业也快速发展起来,带来很大的经济利益,但同时也讨论了邮轮旅游的消极方面,破坏了一些地区的环境。
rnational standard where cruise ships are obligated to pay a local port tax and economic development contribution based on the size of the ship and number of passengers, payable while in port.
环境效应-Environmental Effects
Cruise ships generate a number of waste streams that affect the marine environment, e.g. sewage, graywater, hazardous wastes, oily bilge water, ballast water, solid waste and also emits air pollutants to the air and water. These environmental costs are significant but incalculable given that the cruise ship industry is largely unregulated. As an example, blackwater and graywater generate 15,000 to 30,000 gallons per day by a typical large ship with 3,000 passengers, and 24% of vessel solid waste worldwide comes from cruise ships. The few regulations that are there are not always successful enforced. In 1999 Royal Caribbean paid a fine of US$18million for discharging oily bilge water in Alaska, the same amount was paid by Carnival Cruise Line in 2002 for dumping oily waste from five ships and still not much has changed. Although cruise ships represent a small percentage of the entire shipping industry worldwide, public attention to their environmental impacts comes in part from the fact that cruise ships are highly visible because of the industry's desire to promote a positive image.
LeAna B. Gloor's article on cruise tourism impact on Hilo in Hawaii [5] illustrates the social, physical and environmental concerns. She states that while Hawaii is benefiting economically at unprecedented levels, it is also being impacted negatively on the environmental side of things at unprecedented levels. She advocates for a stronger legislation, more aggressive enforcement and more bills such as the Clean Cruise Ship Act. She also calls for a more proactive, sustainable vision of the future from the port communities themselves.
社会和文化效应-Social and Cultural Effects
Interactions between resident and cruise passengers can have positive effects but at the same time, high frequency and density of cruise activities can restrict the available space for local residents and push them to adopt different moral and cultural standards. There are often negative reactions from the residents triggered by the cruise tourism in small ports, where the ratio of cruise tourists to inhabitants is high, in places such as Aruba, Antigua, Barbuda or Dominica. This leads to local resentment, overcrowding and lack of services such as taxis, beach space and available seats in restaurants on the cruise days, or lack of demand and no work on the days when cruise ships are not in port. This differs for ports such as Miami, Barcelona and European destinations, where the number of cruise visitors' ratio is small compared to other tourists and local residents. Another negative is that ships with flags of convenience have questionable labour and work safety standards and often have no legal minimum wage enforcement. Past efforts to have this changed by organizations such as the ITWF have failed. It is recommended that standard minimum wage, work hours and days of rest for cruise ship workers are established and enforced internationally.
Health and Diseases
A number of recent studies have focused on the health risks and disease directly attributable to cruise ships with their high concentration of people from different countries. One su
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