Tourism Essay-邮轮行业的利弊 [2]
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论文字数:2401论文编号:org201511061935181877语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:Cruise Industry利弊邮轮行业邮轮行业
摘要:本文主要讨论邮轮行业的发展,旅游业的发展促使邮轮业也快速发展起来,带来很大的经济利益,但同时也讨论了邮轮旅游的消极方面,破坏了一些地区的环境。
walls, bungees and trampolines. With all of this luxury and increase in passengers' numbers, the impact and the challenges in such areas as economic, socio-cultural, environmental, safety and security and taxation are a major concern.
经济效应-Economic Effects
These economic benefits arise from five principal sources: 1) spending by cruise passengers and crew; 2) the shore-side staffing for their local offices, marketing and tour operations 3) expenditures for goods and services necessary for cruise operations; 4) spending by the cruise lines for port services; and 5) expenditures for the maintenance. According to CLIA, the economic impact of the U.S cruise industry from 2005 to 2006 resulted in expenditures of $35.7 billion in gross output in the United States, a 10.2 percent increase. This increase generated 348,000 jobs in the U.S.A., a total of $14.7 billion in salaries. It should be noted that accommodation of large cruise ships in ports requires a great deal of initial capital investment in infrastructure and maintenance costs, which is absorbed eagerly by the host port, not by the cruise line. It is recommended that to create a more balanced port development the cruise companies must contribute financially towards the local infrastructure costs, and put a pause on increasing the size of new ships so that existing ports can welcome new ships without costly port rebuilds.
Impact of Powerful Cruise Companies
The top 10 brand operators control 64% of the global cruise berth capacity, with Carnival, Royal Caribbean and Star/NCL groups controlling 35% of the cruise vessels and 68% of the berth capacity worldwide. Carnival alone controls 22% of the vessels and 39% of the berths. [3] If one adds to it the growth rate of 8% annually, the net result is that the above three cruise companies exert a lot of power globally. Cruise business has become a revenue and profit churning machine and this is often with the exclusion or restriction of local providers. Arguably, cruise lines benefit the most from the activities associated with the passengers both onboard and off-board.
There are minimal profits for the providers of local tourism services as cruise lines obtain all income from items sold on board such as the rental of aquatic equipment, food and beverages or souvenirs, leaving the local tour operator with relatively little profit. Tourism service providers have to pay for promotion on board; videos, brochures, and the cost of an actual booth ranges up to U.S. $16,500. [4] Others income comes from 'dream islands', cruise line's private island property and once again reducing the economic benefit to impacted communities.
The cruise industry also has a strong lobbying group to push for policy and legal decisions in their favor. From 1997 to 2007, Cruise Line International Association spent US$10 million on lobbying the U.S Congress. These cruise sectors try hard to avoid or minimize paying local taxes, as their ships go under the flags of convenience, Liberia, Bahamas and Panama and cross international borders, which are exempt from paying certain destination taxes and pollution fees, and it is difficult for the local jurisdictions to enforce such payments. This causes apprehension to hotel operators who are obligated to pay such taxes and it makes them less competitive and profitable than the cruise lines. One suggestion is for a new inte
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