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p;it  can  also  widen  the study of hedges in a new genre --- civil judgments. Practically,  this  study  makes  it  clear  to  understand  hedges  used  in  civil  judgments  and there  are  a  great  number  of  pragmatic  functions  of  hedges  in  civil  judgments.  Besides,  as  a guide  for  courts,  using  hedges  in  civil  judgments  properly  is  helpful  to  adapt  to  different worlds. When making civil judgments, it is necessary to avoid conflicts. Sometimes, with the help  of  hedges,  it  is  clearer  to  state  judgments  and  to  make  the  judgments  more  objective. What’s  more,  it  also  helps  to  better  understand  the  specific  application  of  hedges  in  civil judgments to properly and effectively employ this language strategy, thus to achieve the goal of  communication.  Furthermore,  litigants  tend  to  have  a  better  understanding  of  the  making and working of civil judgments. It is of great use to make them convinced to obey the laws. The power of imposition and authority can be clearly embodied. 
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Chapter Two   Literature Review 

2.1   Definitions of Hedges  
Zadeh, the professor of Cybernetics in the University of California, published his paper Fuzzy Sets, in which he raised his fuzzy set theory. It initiated the research on the concept of fuzziness  and  fuzzy  theory.  Fuzziness  became  a  scientific  term.  After  that,  the  fuzzy  theory was widely used in different areas such as mathematics, economy, psychology, linguistics and so on. In  Oxford  Advanced  Learner’s  Dictionary  of  Current  English  (1989),  hedges  are regarded as verbs. They are the means to avoid giving a direct answer to a question, or refuse to commit oneself. Also, Longman Modern English Dictionary (1976) gives the definition --- avoiding  giving  a  direct  answer  or  statement  to  make  a  speculation  that  reduces  the  risk  on one previously made. Though there are many definitions in different dictionaries, the famous American  semanticist  Lakoff  is  the  first  one  to  introduce  the  term  hedges  in  his  article Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts in 1972. In his opinion, some  of  the  most  interesting  questions  are  posed  by  the  study  of  words  whose  meanings implicitly involve fuzziness, and words whose job is to make things fuzzier or less fuzzy. He would  refer  to  these  words  as  hedges  (Lakoff,  1972)  such  as  sort  of,  kind  of,  more  or  less, rather, in a way, somewhat. Apart from Lakoff’s definition of hedges, Halliday (1994), Y本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。