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垄断是一个单一的卖家和大量的买家。有一个单一的卖方生产的商品，没有密切的替代品。垄断市场仍然仅仅靠企业之间的互惠互利的交换而存在和许多。此外，调查的多个公司的假设放宽对均衡的影响。

Monopoly is a single seller and large number of buyers. There is a single seller producing a commodity that has no close substitute. The monopoly market is still solely by mutually beneficial exchange of firm exist and many. Besides that, investigate the impact of a relaxation of the multiple firms assumption on equilibrium.

Introduction to monopoly 垄断的介绍

垄断是一种市场结构，在那里有一个单一的卖方生产的商品，没有密切的替代品。企业与行业之间无差异，垄断形式为不完全市场。此外，垄断是商品和服务的唯一提供者。

Monopoly is a form of market structure where there is a single seller producing a commodity that has no close substitutes. There is no difference between firm and industry and monopoly form as imperfect market. Besides that, monopoly is the sole provider of goods and services.

2.1 Characteristics of Monopoly 垄断的特征

垄断特征之一是一个卖家和大量的买家是大的，每个公司的规模是非常小的。买家的数量也大，这家公司不能影响市场价格。因此，基本上，个别公司不担心公司的反应。此外，调整其销售，以赚取最大的利润和完美的竞争下的价格。个人购房需求相对于总需求。如此小，不能通过他的个人行动，不能影响产品的价格。

There are some characteristics of monopoly market.

One seller and large number of buyers

The one of monopoly characteristic is one seller and large number of buyers is large and the size of each firm is very small. The number of buyers also large and this firm cannot influence the market price. So basically, individual firm does not bother about the reactions of the firm. Besides that, adjusts its sale to earn maximum profits and the price given under perfect competition. The demand of individual buyers relative to the total demand. And so small that cannot influence the price of the product by his individual action.

Product has no lose substitutes

The second characteristics is, product differentiation, there is product are close substitutes but not perfect substitutes. Its means, products are alike but not equal. For an example, Colgate toothpaste is slightly different from Darlie toothpaste. Otherwise, similarly dettol soap is different from life buoy soap. But if the buyers can find any substitutes for toothpaste and soap means, may be the differences is real or imaginary but ita€™s create attachments. Consumers prefer one product to another, under monopolistic competition. Monopoly cannot exist if there is a competition or any substitute product because consumers or buyers could not find any replacement for the product.

Restriction on the entry of new firm.

The third characteristics of the monopoly are, firm under monopolistic are easy to entry and leave the industry. Barriers are not entry is natural or legal restriction that restricts the entry of new firms into the industry. Hence, a firm has legal control over other firms. There is restricting competition in the market.

advertising

In monopoly market, advertising is depends to the product sold. If the product is good and services means, the monopoly needs make advertisement to inform consumers on the goods. So that, its try to establish goods of its own products. By the advertising, consumers can know their selling costs. However, if the products are not luxury goods such as water service, electricity service, and local telephone service, then the seller no need to create any advertisement. This is because a lot of the buyers know that where are the places and locations to get and purchase th