摘要:本文是一篇留学生的经济市场与国际化经营的经济学论文,在这篇文章中,我们将回顾三种不同类型的经济市场与国际化经营的宏观经济绩效。我们将以大型工业产业经济体(德国)为起点,然后是小型开放经济体(南非)和非三方地区的新兴经济体(巴拿马)。
and the largest in Europe, also it represents a fine example of larg industrial economy, Germany is prosperous and technologically powerful economy, that made it to be the fifth largest in the world in PPP (PURCHASING POWER PARITY), however the economic condition in Germany showed considerable improvement in 2007 with 2.6% growth. ※After a long period of stagnation with an average growth rate of 0.7% between 2001 and 2005 and chronically high unemployment, stronger growth led to a considerable fall in unemployment to about 8% near the end of 2007. Among the most important reasons for Germany's high unemployment during the past decade were macroeconomic stagnation, the declining level of investment in plant and equipment, company restructuring, flat domestic consumption, structural rigidities in the labor market, lack of competition in the service sector, and high interest rates. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy continues to be a costly long-term process, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion§ (Germany.angioinfo, 2008). However as a result of global financial crisis, economic growth has slowed during 2008. The German economy is expected to grow by only 1.7% for the coming year as a whole. In term of economic type, German economy considered to be as an open economy, moreover it exports amount equals to one third of its GDP with a strong industrial base attached to its well social security system and accompanied by a government sector (Independent, 2007).
Germany population in 2004 was 82.424 million. The July 2009 estimate is 82.329 million. According to data obtained from World Bank Indicators, national growth rate in Germany during 1997-2003 was 0.1%, showing very little population growth. Nevertheless, Germany is Europe's largest economy (Economywatch, 2009)
3.2 Germany as target market for export:
Because Germany is a member in EU, European Customs Union law will apply accordingly. However, customs are administered by the German Customs.
The EU Customs formed a single trading area based on following three customs code; eliminating customs duties, Eliminated import VAT between EU member states, and creating uniform customs management.
Overall if any country deals with Germany, means that it will follow the EU sets such as import tariffs and other customs rules, based on international agreements. According to this principle, this will affect all imports to Germany; however the EU trade agreements are offering discounted entry and often duty-free access for goods from neighbouring, developing, and emerging economies (Gati, 2009).
Germany is total imports worth*s of $1.075 trillion from following segments food, petroleum products, manufactured goods, electrical products, motor vehicles, apparel from Major suppliers like France, Netherlands and U.S. (Traveldocs, 2007), a good example will be French vegetable exports to Germany, that are gaining importance year after year, says Isabella Lacourtiade, PR consultant for the Sopexa Germany food division. Figures for the first three quarters of 2007 confirm this upward trend, Isabella adds; a further 10% increase in value to EUR 278 million was recorded in this period. Export volume reached 344,120 tons, 16% up on the same period in the previous year. Nearly 40% more French exhibitors than in 2007 have made the journey to Berlin for the FRUIT
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