摘要:本文是一篇留学生的经济市场与国际化经营的经济学论文,在这篇文章中,我们将回顾三种不同类型的经济市场与国际化经营的宏观经济绩效。我们将以大型工业产业经济体(德国)为起点,然后是小型开放经济体(南非)和非三方地区的新兴经济体(巴拿马)。
h is underway although in the very early stages, moreover oil pipelines and petroleum refinery owned by Occidental, are another two big ongoing projects, these projects attracted far foreign companies such as Qatar Petroleum, furthermore these promising projects are expected to be complete on 2012.
Overall panama scored high rates of growth, but in the latest years and from official figures we saw a serious decrease in GDP growth, especially in the last quarter of 2008. And that*s accordingly to financial times related to the global crisis. moreover this decrease tends to continue in 2009 not only in Panama but in the whole world. However and according to economist, there will be an economic pick that expected to rise on the early 2010 which is considered an excellent time to invest in Panama; yet the economist predicts also a dire forecast the country, with gloomy view of Panama economy in the coming years, even placing doubt about the canal expansion project.(Primepanama, 2007)
1.2 Panama as target market for export:
Panama placed laws that allow companies and individuals to import directly with no intervention from agents or distributors. This policy opened several doors for direct marketing approaches in certain sectors, such as industrial goods, industrial machinery, agricultural equipment and other high value equipment (Allbusiness, 2006). Moreover panama*s consumer attitudes and brand preferences are similar to the American consumer; they have passion towards TV, radio and magazines. Furthermore Panamanians frequently travel to the U.S. for vacation, medical treatment, study and business. And due to that, Panamanians are becoming influenced by American culture, which made famous American brands to find it way easily into Panamas market in especially in service industry. There are many good examples such as Federal Express, Sears, Price Costco, Bell South, Kansas City Southern Railways, Continental and American Airlines, ICA (construction), Cable & Wireless, Evergreen and Hutchinson Whampoa, and many others (Offshoresimple, 2008).Away from the service industry Panama Major Imports are Machinery and transport equipment like Road vehicles mainly motor cars and it parts and accessories. While the country is trying to build oil pipelines and new petroleum refinery, petroleum products and related materials are taking a huge stake of Panama*s imports, and this because the country don*t own any valuable fossil natural resource (Indexmundi, 2006).
1.3 Manufacturing imports of Panama:
Agriculture products are the second biggest export goods in Panama after refined Oil, These primary exports are mainly bananas, cocoa beans, coffee, coconuts, corn, potatoes, rice, soybeans, and sugar cane. Throughout the 1990s, agricultural production increased by an average of 5 percent per year (nationencyclopedia, 2008). Many US fruit manufacturing companies increased their import from Panama to states market, with the outstanding trends for fresh cucumber, 952.8%; bananas, 203.41%; melons and watermelons, 102.73%. Starbucks is a famous worldwide company imports their best coffee blends from panama.
1.4 Foreign Direct investments in Panama
The country signed and enrolled in many trade agreements accordingly it is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and is a beneficiary of the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). Panama is also a member of (
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