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n>According to Trompenaars (1993), all societies give certain of their members higher status than others, signalling that unusual attention should be focused upon such persons and their activities. While some societies accord status to people on the basis of their achievements, others ascribe it to them by virtue of age, class gender, Education, and so on. The first status is called achieved status and the second ascribed status. While achieved status refers to doing, ascribed status refers to being.

 

Managing time dimension

Hofstede (2001) refers time dimension to a person's point of reference about life and work. Long-term orientation cultures admire persistence, humility, and deferred gratification of needs. They believe good and evil depends on the circumstances and opposites complement each other. Short-term orientation cultures have a deep appreciation for tradition, personal steadfastness, maintaining the face of self and others, giving and receiving gifts and favors, and an expectation for quick results. They believe in absolute guidelines about good and devil, the need for cognitive consistency, and the use of probabilistic and analytic thinking.

 

Kluckhohn and Strodtbeckn (1960) identified three types of culture: present-oriented, which is relatively timeless, traditionless and ignores the future; past-oriented, mainly concerned to maintain and restore traditions in the present; and future-oriented, envisaging a more desirable future and setting out to realise this.

 

Time has meaning not just to individuals but to whole groups. Emilie Durkheim (1960) saw it as a social construct enabling members of a culture to co-ordinate their activities.

 

Trompenaars (1993) notes that different individuals and different cultures mau be more or less attracted to past, present or future orientations. Some live entirely in the present, or at least try to. Some live in the future, and they believe the future is coming to them, as a destiny, or that they alone must define it. Others live in a nostalgic past to which everything attempted in the present must appeal.

 

How Culture Affects Negotiation Strategies?

The strategy chosen by people during the negotiation process may be culturally based, which means that two parts can act similarly because they have chosen the same strategy but each one will act based on its own experiences and set of behaviours.

 

An extensive research in interpersonal relationships conducted by Erving Goffman (1959) found that we strategically present a social front or impression “which regularly functions in a general and fixed fashion to define the situation for those who observe the performance” (p.22). On本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。