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ause, for,
since, although, though--and vary their location:
"When we arrived, I knew we were too late to stop the fight."
"We watched in disbelief, though we longed to intervene in some way."
4. Use participles and gerunds (a verb + "ing" --> noun):
"Facing great risks, he nevertheless accepted the challenge without hesitation."
"Working at an immigration law firm has given me firsthand knowledge of the struggles people
face in settling in the United States."
Using these basic tools, you can create a powerful and engaging piece of writing. The key is to
keep changing your constructions so that each sentence sounds fresh and new.
Word Choice
Whenever Possible, Use the Shorter, Simpler Word.
You can use a thesaurus to jog your memory when you're trying to come up with a better
synonym, but never use a word with which you aren't already familiar. Words often have
connotations and nuances of meaning that you can appreciate only after having seen them in
context, so you're taking a great risk if you use a word that you don't know well.
Even if you do feel comfortable with more advanced vocabulary, you should use the simpler
synonym if that captures your meaning just as well. For example, instead of "ameliorated the
situation," you could just as easily say "improved the situation." On the other hand, a word like
"exasperated" is more intense than a synonym like "frustrated," and so you should use it if
that's the sense you're trying to convey.
Use precise language.
Choose words that capture your experience fully and accurately. For example:
Vague: When we first started the business, I performed a range of duties to get the company
going.
Precise: When we first started the business, I took the initiative to contact potential partners,
evaluate the services of our competitors, and tailor our plan to local markets.
Use Nouns and Verbs Rather than Adverbs and Adjectives.
Inexperienced writers think that using fancy adverbs and adjectives will make their writing look
more eloquent, but in fact, they just bog down your rhythm and usually sound like fluff. They
also tend to make your writing sound abstract because they are not actual physical substances.
Good writers stick to concrete nouns that the reader can grasp and, even more importantly,
vivid verbs that are the lifeblood of active, engaging language.
Before: I ran quickly to the board where the results would be posted, with many curious
people standing around waiting anxiously to see their scores.
After: I rushed to the board to find people crowded around muttering prayers to themselves as
they awaited the dean's arrival with their score results.
The phrase "ran quickly" has become the more succinct and punchy "rushed." Instead of
"many curious people standing around," we have substituted "people crowded around
muttering prayers to themselves." Thus, we gain a more vivid verb in "crowded" and a
concrete image of people muttering prayers instead of the abstract adjective "curious" and the
clunky adverb "anxiously." In focusing on nouns and verbs, we have succeeded in showing
instead of telling.
Avoid Repetition.
Don't use words twice in close proximity, and don't use the same words regularly throughout
an essay. The problem usually comes in overusing the same noun that's central to your topic.
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