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ill experience great difficulties in visualizing the situation. Literal transplanting of Chinese poetic image into English often leads to such a situation. 

4.3.2 Cultural Parallelism

Cultural parallelism refers to the situation in which the source culture and the target culture share some similarities. The readers of both cultures can understand each other easily.

If the images in the source language cannot draw forth the same meaning in the readers of the target language or even may cause misunderstanding, they should be transferred into a different one in the target language. And when some substitutes in the target culture can be found to replace the counterpart of the source culture and get the same effect on the target readers, cultural substitution can be adopted by translators.

There are several examples to illustrate this point:
羽檄起边亭，烽火入咸阳。
――鲍照《代出自蓟北门行》
Winged messages came from north frontiers,
Beacon fires seen in capital.
---- Tr. X. Y. C.
In this poem, “烽火” is a typical Chinese word which implies a war, while beacon fire is the equivalent words in English. The English readers will associate these two words with war, so the image of “烽火” shall be substituted with the image of “Beacon fire” in C-E translation.
献赋十年犹未遇到，羞将白发对华簪。
――钱起《赠厥下佩舍人》
For years, alas, I’ve sent my writings to court all in vain,
And white-haired now, I’m mortified your regalia to see.
---- Tr. Wang Shiren

The poet had taken part in the imperial examinations during his latest ten years without achieving any success. When he was white-haired, he felt quite shameful facing those imperial officials. In feudal dynasty “华簪” is coronal decoration of the officials in high position, so the image of “华簪” here is used to refer the feudal officials. The translator does not use literal translation, but substitutes “华簪” with the English image of regalia, which symbolizes royalty and also show one’s distinguished position in English-speaking culture. So the readers in the target culture can appreciate the same association as the readers in the source culture.

4.3.3 Cultural Default

The cultural default means that a kind of cultural phenomenon of one country does not exist in another country. Something that is familiar to one culture may be rare in another culture. At this time, there exists a cultural default. Under this situation, the translator may adopt cultural transplantation and creative cultural compensation to transfer the exotic cultural notions or cultural images of the source text.

4.3.3.1 Cultural Compensation

Compensation is a term defined by Hervey & Higgins as “the technique of making up for the translation loss of important ST features by approximating their effects in the target text through means other than those used in the source text.” (Mark Shuttleworth & Moria Cowie, 2004:25). Cultural compensation means making up for one type of textual effect in the source text by another in the target text by cultural means.
Let us look at an example.

九月九日忆山东兄弟
王维
独在异乡为异客， 每逢佳节倍思亲。
遥知兄弟登高处， 遍插茱萸少一人。

In this poem, the poet mentions a traditional Chinese festival “重阳节”, which sounds totally strange to the w本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。