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宣布为加利福尼亚州的刑法典。[3](9)The Publisher shallpay theAuthor, ... anadvance, whichshallbe a charge of all sums to theAuthorunder thisAgreemen.t (表述合同条款,表述一定要做到的事)译文:出版商应当预付作者稿酬,这笔稿酬是按合同规定的总稿酬中的一部分。[3](10)The partiesshallperform their obligationsstipulated in the contrac.t No partyshallunilaterallymodify or rescind the contrac.t译文:当事人应当履行合同约定的义务,任何人不得擅自变更或者解除合同。(11)In the case ofa contractwhich, accordingto the laws or administrative regulations of thePeople sRepublic ofChina, is to be formedwith theapproval of the state, the assignmentof the contrac-tual rights and obligationsshallbe subject to the ap-proval of the authoritywhich approved the contrac,tunless otherwise stipulated in the approved contrac.t译文:中华人民共和国法律、行政法规规定应当由国家批准成立的合同,其权利和义务的转让,应当经原批准机关批准,但是,已批准的合同中另有约定的除外。从例(10)中我们看到分别用在第三人称主语之后,由shall构成的谓语用来表示汉语的“应当”。在例(11)中则既使用了is to又使用了shall构成的谓语,与例(10)相同,它们也均用来表示汉语的“应当”。不过应注意到这时shall和be to结构可以交替使用,没什么区别。[8]

(二)短语的特点法律英语在用词方面的另一特点就是同义词的重复。同义词的重复是指当表达一个单一概念时本可以用一个单词而却用了两个甚至更多。在法律英语中经常出现的同义词重复主要有: buyor purchase, provisions and stipulations, full forceand effec,t own or possess, property or chattels orgoods,minororchild or infan,t terms and conditions,pardon or forgive, to have and to hold, constable orsherif,f entering orbreaking, larceny or theftor steal-ing, rented or loaned, attorney or lawyer, damaged ordestroyed, lastwill and testamen,t due and collecti-ble, heirs and devisees, null and void, adopted bymeorborn tome, aid and abe,t partand parce,l safe andsound, cease and desist。[9]在各种法律条文中,经常出现类似以上的成对词,表示固定的意义,因而在使用和翻译时不能随意拆开: rights and interests(权益), terms andconditions(条款), complete and final understanding(全部和最终的理解), customs fees and duties(关税), losses and damages(损坏), null and void(无效), sign and issue(签发)。有些短语是由两个同义词构成的,表达的是一个共同的含义。比如法律英语中常用的unless oth-erwise,由两个同义词构成,意为“除非另”。[10]320provided that为法律英语中常用的短语,意为“但规定”,“但”。该短语常出现在某一法律条款对某事作出规定后,为使条款的规定更加准确、全面,而作出进一步规定的场合。例如:(12)In exceptionalcircumstances, theMiniste-rial Conference may decide to waive an obligationimposed on aMember by thisAgreement or any ofthe Multilateral Trade Agreements,provided thatany such decision shall be taken by three fourths oftheMembersunless otherw iseprovided for in thisparagraph.译文:在特殊情况下,部长级会议可作出决定,豁免成员根据本协议或任何多边贸易协定所规定承担的义务,但(规定)任何这种豁免决定应由全体成员的四分之三作出,除非本款另有规定。

(三)法律英语中的长句

1.法律英语句子的特点。法律英语的句子结构一大特点是句子较长,不同于科本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。