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摘 要：文体学是一门研究各种文体语言特点的学问。本文通过对特定两种文体的具体分析，指出了该文体如何运用有效手段，达到传递文本信息的目的。


文体学是研究文体的学问。文体有广义和狭义之分。狭义的文体指的是文学文体，其中包括各个作家的风格。广义的文体指的是一种语言中的各类文体，包括口语体和书面体，而在这两者之间，还有若干过渡类型的文体。文学文体也包括在广义的文体之中。文体学的任务是通过观察和描述若干种主要文体的语言特点，即其各自的语音、词汇、句法和篇章的特点，让学习者能够更好地了解这些文体所要表达的内容及其特有的表达方式，学会在适当的场合使用适当的文体。
虽然存在着各式各样的文体，但真正代表一种文体特殊用法的词句是很少的。真正被大量使用的还是那些按照普通方式运用的基本词汇、基本句型和基本表达方式。这也就是所谓的共核语言(the common core) , 它的惯常用法构成语言的常规(norm) , 而一种文体的特殊用法则是对这种常规的变异(deviation) 。下文将通过对语言的各要素，即语音、词汇、句法、语篇结构的分析来阐述它们在日常谈话、即席解说中说什么和怎么说这个问题上所起的作用。
欧美的文体研究最早可以追溯到古希腊、古罗马时期。亚里士多德曾经说过：“仅仅知道我们应该说什么还不够，还必须以恰当的方式来表达。”中国的文体风格学在发展的早期与西方文体风格学很是相似，即两者都是从修辞学发展而来。孔子曾说：“辞达而已矣”，就是在强调语言应该顺畅地表达思想；孔子又说：“言之无文，行之不远”，就点出了“文采”的社会功用。这一切都说明了自古以来文章的内容和形式的关系问题就一直受到高度的重视。
到目前为止，文体学已经被运用在包括翻译学、商务英语、英语阅读在内的许多领域中。
（一）日常谈话：在日常生活中，人与人之间最常用的交流方式就是谈话方式。我们将从这一最普通的文体的语音、词汇、句法结构、语义等方面着手，进行具体分析，并探讨这些因素对英语听力教学的影响。以下是一篇访谈节目中主持人Irene对Beth，《为新母亲的思索》一书的作者的谈话摘录。
B—Beth I—Irene
B: It’s a big challenge for mothers today, because oftentimes mothers feel like it’s an either /or proposition that they have to work or have a child. And the reality is more and more women are choosing to do both, and also not be superwomen, so it’s a tricky… it’s a tricky line to balance. But I do have a quote that says, “To choose to have a child is to choose forever to have your heart walk outside of your body,” which means, just as we’ve been talking about, that you are constantly attached to your child, no matter how old they get, but you will learn to walk those lines. And you will learn to create balance and harmony in your life, and you’ll realize that not everything you do is going to send your child to a therapist. And that’s wonderful.
I: Yes, yes. I’ve just always felt that if you loved them hard enough, and that you had … your heart kind of in the right place, which obviously is outside your own body, that there was very little that … that you could do wrong. I mean you …
B: Yes. I think that’s true. I think if you build a solid foundation with your child, especially in the early years, and …
I: How early are we talking “early years”? I mean, by what point is the child’s personality formed already?
B: Well, you know there’s a lot of information on that that definitely is conflicting. But there are new studies coming out that are just fascinating about how important, extremely important it is for a child to be with his/her mother until they’re close to four years old. Now, that doesn’t mean consistently. I’m not advocating that a mother stay home full time if she’s not so inclined. But there’s definite research that’s coming out saying that,y’know, a mother’s role is more important in some regards than we had thought, and that the bonding process lasts quite a bit longer. In fact, children go into shock oftentimes if they are separated too early. And that’s why I think a lot of us are fighting for parental leave and family leave, that allows both mother and father to have time with their children hopefully within the first two years, not just the first few months.
People need concrete support, and especially nowadays, I did write another meditation about people needing the support of community because nowadays we oftentimes don’t have our parents close by, or brothers and sisters live in another state or even in another country. And so especially when you come home for the first few months or the first few years, you may feel extremely isolated if you can’t hook up with a co-op, a babysit本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。