英语论文网

no see from hao jiu bu jian (CH) Masterpiece from mei sterstuck(G) Black humor from humor noir (F) b. words translated from sound: Ketchup from ke-tsiap(CH dial) Lama from lama (Tib) Kulak from kyrak(Russ) 4. semantic –loans. They are the words not borrowing from their forms, but borrowing from their meanings. That is to say, English has borrowed a new meaning from an existing word in the language. Pioneer once denoting “explore only” or “a person doing pioneering work” has now taken on the new meaning of “a member of the young pioneer”from Russia. The meaning “stupid”of the word dumb comes from the German word dumm. Likewise, fresh has adopted the meaning of “impertinent,sassy,checky”under the influence of the German word frech (Zhang Weiyou,1997). Neologisms originated from Chinese and Japanese enjoy high frequencies. Some are from Japan, such as: karooke(卡拉ok), karoshi(过劳死), sushi(寿司), ikebara(插花艺术), etc. Some are from Chinese, such as ‘Jiaozi(饺子), dim sum(点心), makjong(麻将), fengshui(风水), qigong (气功), lichi(荔枝), kaishu (楷书), dragon boat(龙舟), iron rice bowel(铁饭碗), the Three Represents(三个代表), one Country, two Systems(一国两制), and so on. This is somewhat contrary to Cannon’s agreement-“Histories of the English language and particularly Serjeantson’s famous book on borrowings in English indicate that exotic language like Japan and Chinese have contributed few terms , though some of the items enjoy high frequency”( Cannon,1998). With the increasing of international cultural exchanges, a great many new words will be introduced in English from other countries. Borrowing as one of the sources for new words, it has a profound development. B. Native Word-formation Processes The English language has increased its resources not only through the adoption of words from other languages, but also through the formation of new words with the material available in the language. Before we discuss the word-formation, we need to have a basic knowledge of morphological structure of words and gain something about the different word –forming elements which are to be used to create new words. 1. Basic Concept of Word-formation 1.1 Morphemes As pointed out by David Cystal in his book A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, the morpheme is “the minimal distinctive unit of grammar, and the central concern of morphology”. The morpheme, accordingly, can be considered as “ the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.” 1.2 Types of Morphemes Morphemes can be classified according to two criteria: a. free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes are morphemes which can occur as separate words. That is to say, a free morpheme can stand alone as a word. E.g. dog, it，word. Bound morphemes are morphemes which can not stand alone as words. They are mainly affixes. That is to say, a bound morpheme is one that must appear with at least one other morpheme, bound or free in a word. For example, the English word unfaithful consists of three morphemes, un-, faith, and –ful. Faith is a free morpheme; un- and –ful are bound morphemes. b. Roots and affixes, A root is the base form of a word that expresses its essential meaning, a meaning that never changes, even through affixes may be added at the beginning or at the end of a word. For instance, care, careful, careless, carelessness. Roots are either free or bound. Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or func