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nks or money-transfer institutions). These are called “compliers”, following Angrist et al. (1996), and cannot be easily identified from the data without additional assumptions, [22] though they may have characteristics that make their outcome variables particularly sensitive to transfers.

 

b) Results

 

The first thing that must be established is the first-stage effect of the availability of money-transfer institutions on the amount of remittances. Using the same three specifications mentioned above we find that the presence of money-transfer institutions has a significant and positive association with the amount of remittances. The coefficient remains positive and significant through all three specifications. Having a money-transfer institution in the parish increases the amount of remittances by around US$8 per month (see Table 5). In all cases the F test for the instrument is significant.

 

Next, we estimate the effect of remittances on consumption. Regarding total consumption, and using the log of per-capita consumption, OLS results show that people who receive remittances record higher consumption than those who do not. Results for the reduced form and the two-stage least square (2SLS) are significant and positive, and remain significant under the three specifications. In this case, two-stage results show that increasing the amount of remittances by US$10 each month increases the general per capita consumption by around 9% (see Table 6).

 

For the log of expenditures in food, the two-stage estimates are not robust. These are significant under specification 1 and 2, but become insignificant under specification 3.

 

We also evaluate the effect of remittances on child malnutrition. In this case the dependent variable is the Z score. Results show a significant and positive effect under the reduced-form estimates, but no significant estimates under the two-stage estimates (see Table 8).

 

We find significant and positive results for the log of education and health expenditure. Tables 9 and 10 introduce the results. Regarding education, increasing the amount of remittances by US$10 increases education spending by 18%. Regarding health, increasing the amount of remittances by US$10 increases health spending by 25%.

 

In evaluating the effect of remittances on access to health services, the dependent variable is a dummy that takes the value of 1 if the person attended a health center while sick, and 0 if not. Despite the results on health expenditure, OLS estimates show no significant difference in the access to health services between those who receive remittances and those who do not. The result remains the same throughout the three specifications used. However, results of the reduced form show a significant and positive effect of remittances on acc本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。