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On the other hand quantitative research apply measurements and normally considered as better than qualitative research. Ghauri and Gronhaug (2005; 109) explain that “the difference between quantitative and qualitative methods and approach is not just a question of quantification, but also a reflection of different perspectives on knowledge and research objectives”.

3.2.4 Deductive and Inductive Theories

According to the literature, two approaches can be conducted in researching for thesis. The deductive approach “… is the dominant approach in natural sciences, where ‘laws provide the basis of explanation, permit the anticipation of phenomena, predict their occurrence and therefore allow them to be controlled’” (Hussey and Hussey, 1997; 52 cited by Saunders, 2003; 86).

On the contrary the inductive theory, as argued by Saunders (2003; 87) “enabled a cause-effect link to be made between particular variables without an understanding of the way in which humans interpreted their social world.”

The departure point will be inductive, with the observation of the organization, fed by theoretical information where conclusions will be critically evaluated against facts, as a complement of the case study which could be described as a way of what we would think of a scientific research or theory (Bailey, 2006, Cottrell, 2005; cited by Saunders, 2003).

3.2.5 Phenomenological

A phenomenological philosophy was implemented in this project with the aim to construct a meaning, and understanding a world composed of different and important realities.

As affirmed by Remenyi et al (1998; 35) “To use a phenomenological approach the researcher has to look beyond the details of the situation to understand the reality or perhaps a reality working behind them.”

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter will explain the use of secondary and primary data in relation to the company researched, Alcoa Inc., making possible the analysis of the company’s actual actions in CSR and Sustainable Development based on a questionnaire answered by managers from inside the organization.

All this information will be useful to draw future conclusions and make recommendations regarding possible contradictions between theory and actual practices of the company.

4.2 Secondary Data

Secondary data was part of the data analysis making use books, journals, the company’s website, annual reports, and publications. Moreover, comparisons between managers’ perceptions and the organization’s actual activities and publications related to Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development, which finally will enable deeper conclusions and recommendations to be drawn.

4.3 Primary Data

The primary data consists of two questionnaires, the first one wit本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。