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Yet, “the full implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Commitments to the Rio principles, were strongly reaffirmed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa from 26 August to 4 September 2002” 

2.14 Sustainable Development

As Forrant et al (2001; 17) points out, “Sustainable development is a process that links economics and Politics. As such, it should be studied in terms of the industrial, organizational, and institutional conditions that can promote economic growth that is stable, equitable, and environmentally sound.” This notion is known as ‘ecomodernist discourse’ (Robbins, 2001)

“As such a normative concept sustainable development is based on a number of fundamental ethical ideas. One of these fundamentals is the Kantian Categorical Imperative ‘Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law’” (Kant, 1993; 30 cited by Hahn, 2009; 315).

In spite of being subject of ethical frameworks such as “Bentham’s utilitarism (including, of course, his allusions to the rights of animals), or Kant’s categorical imperative”, or other examples, “based on virtue ethics focused on sustainable decisions and the emergence of environmental pragmatism (Gurdorf and Hutchingson, 2003 cited by York, 2009; 101); ethics has been seen under an ample angle in the past decades.

Especially by developed economies, ethics now involves not only the economic or human side of a business relation but also the environmental one, being called ‘environmental ethics’ (York, 2009).

In spite of most of the literature focuses only on the environmental aspect, the term sustainable development does include various economical and social aspects (Nemetz, 2003 cited by Brenkert, 2004).

The work of Hopwood et al, (2005; 39) clearly exemplifies: “The concept of sustainable development is the result of the growing awareness of the global links between mounting environmental problems, socio-economic issues to do with poverty and inequality and concerns about a healthy future for humanity. It strongly links environmental and socio-economic issues.” He also adds: “The first important use of the term was in 1980 in the World Conservation Strategy (IUCN et al., 1980 cited by Hopwood et al, 2005; 39).

On the other hand, Haughton (1999 cited by Hopwood et al, 2005; 40) “has usefully summarized the ideas of sustainable development in five principles based on equity: futurity – inter-generational equity; social justice – intra-generational equity; transfrontier responsibility – geographical equity; procedural equity – people treated openly and fairly; interspecies equity – importance of biodiversity”.

“A more pragmatic view is that of Hilson and Murck (2000; 227–228 cited by Enriquez and Drummond, 2007; 73), According to them the Brundtland report (WCED, 1987) defines sustainable development in a manner that fails to “outline an effective sustainability framework for any industry to follow.”

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