性别差异及原因人类沟通 [4]
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-04-20编辑:黄丽樱点击率:10350
论文字数:3687论文编号:org200904201319316737语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:免费论文
关键词:social historyculturemale and femaleCommunicationGender differences in talk
rse of nonverbal communication. Females were relatively better than males at interpreting negative attitudes. Since females may be placed in subordinate positions or be more important to some intentions of the dominant.
We are prevented from getting knowledge or understanding of nonverbal communication because a delineation of looks, gait, posture, or facial expression are not legitimate in describing interaction. Such items are surely not accepted as valid data in an argument. And yet nonverbal cues have more than four times the impact of verbal messages. Both women and men should learn as much as possible about how nonverbal cues which can affect people and can serve to perpetuated status and power relationship in society. With this concern in mind, let us examine categories of nonverbal behavior.
2.1 Eye contact
Research in the use of eye contact in nonverbal communication has shown sharp differences according to gender. Women have been found to look mare at the other person than men do. In addition, women look at one another more and hold eye contact longer with each other than men do with other men. Women look at one another more while they are speaking, while they are being spoken to, and while they are exchanging simultaneous glances. Whatever the gender of the other,
Women have been shown to spend more time looking at their partn
er than men do. Also it has been shown that the more positive an attitude toward the person being assessed, the more eye contact there is. Increased eye contact with the person being addressed also occurs if that person is of higher status. In some cases males use more positive head nods, but females use more eye contact, when they are seeking approval. In an investigation involving mixed-gender pairs, when women were told their partner's eye contact exceeded normal levels, they had a more favorable evaluation of him. But when men were told their partner looked more than usual, they had a less favorable evaluation of her.
2.2 Facial expressions
Women have been found to be more prone to reveal their emotions in facial expressions than men. A psychologist who conducted an experiment on this subject found that men tended to keep their emotions" all bottled up." Subjects in experiment were shown slides calculated to arouse strong felling or emotions. While the subjects were viewing the slides, their own facial expressions were being picked up over closed-circuit television. The researchers found that it was easier to tell what kind of posture was being shown from viewing the women's facial expression than from viewing the men's expressions. Some of the evidence suggesting that men keep their emotions insides was the faster heart beat and greater activity of the sweat glands of males during the experiment.
Some writers have pointed out that women smile more than men do, whether they are really happy and amused or not. The smile may be a gesture of submission as a part of their culturally prescribed role. When a woman and a man greet one another, and when the two are conversing and are only moderately well acquainted, in this situation, rather than indicating friendliness or pleasure, the smile supposedly shows that no aggression or harm is intended. Women may have smiled more to cover up uneasiness of nervousness or to meet social expectations. Men who smiled generally did so only after they felt comfortable.
2.3 Posture
A number of nonverbal gender differences in posture seem to parallel bet
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