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1996) point out that the task of change management is to bring order to a messy situation, not pretend that it's already well organized and disciplined and leadership is hugely responsible for bringing that semblance of order.

Companies also need to have the right approach and mind step to deal with the change process. Successful organisations drive change rather than being driven by the change. Although, the strategic decision to change comes from the top management but the implementation should always be a bottom up process. HP's didn't get either of those decisions right; its decision to change came too late (when Dell had already gained ground and had the first over advantage) due to which it tried to impose the change from top down.

It is worth mentioning that change management strategy adopted is also reliant on the type of organisation. Different organisations may need to approach change differently and the type of change management approach adopted should be consistent with the objectives of the organisation and its situation. For example, an organisation whose future depended on improving customer service should, logically, adopt a change model focused on improving processes that have a direct bearing on that objective and removing obstacles that prevent its achievement. This is because; a disjunction between the objective and the mechanism would result in untoward or unwanted results.

References——参考文献

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Chemers, M. M. (2001). ‘Leadership effectiveness: An integrative review'. In: M. A. Hogg and S. Tindale (eds), Blackwell handbook of social Psychology: Group processes, pp. 376–399. Blackwell, Maulden, MA.

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Conger, J. and R. Kanugo (1987). ‘Toward a behavioural theory of charismatic leadership in organisational settings,' Academy of Management Review, 12, pp. 637–647.

Dirks, K. T. 2000. Trust in leadership and team performance: Evidence from NCAA basketball. Journal of Applied Psychology,85: 1004–1012.

Finkelstein, S., & Hambrick, D. C. 1996. Strategic leadership: Top executives and their effect on organisations. St. Paul: West Educational Publishing.

Goffee, R. and G. Jones (2001). ‘Organisational culture: a sociological perspective'. In C. L. Cooper, S. Carwright and P. C. Earley, The International Handbook of Organisational
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