terms of payment in foreign trade contracts:
Translation 1 is a common translation, and the expression of '支付你方发票658,' is incomplete in the meaning; while translation 2 uses rigorous word, smooth sentence, it expresses the original meaning and maintains the original style.
5.4 Translation of modal verbs
As a modal verb, “shall” is frequently used in legal English. It is used in conjunction with third person to express orders, obligations, duties, rights, privileges and promises. However, “shall” is translated into “应当, 必须”, or “必须” “可, 要, 将”, sometimes it can even be ignored in translation, according to functional equivalence theory, translators should determine translation
strategy according to specific text style (Du, 2001). In the above example, the three “shall” have been translated through three different methods, the first “shall” was not translated, the second “shall” was translated into “必须”, the third “shall” was translated into “要”.
5.5 Cohesion and Coherence
Nida's (1986) four basic requirements of translation figures that a statement of translation should be reasonable; it should convey the original spirit and style; it should be fluent; it should make readers to resonate. These four basic requirements can also be used as a measure of text translation standards (Donat and Candel-Mora, 2015). Because English and Chinese are quite different in the thinking and expression of the two languages, and they have their own characteristics in terms of grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion (Xiang, 2011), thus in English-Chinese translation, it is necessary to transform and adjust the cohesive devices of the source text to obtain the equivalence and coherence in the textual meaning (Yu, 2015), that is to say, the translation should be connected naturally to achieve semantic coherence. Therefore, cohesion and coherence are the focus and difficulty of text translation. The following example shows how to achieve cohesion and coherence without changing the original meaning of the text.
In the sentence ① above, it uses 'they' to replace 'the Robinsons', which is the correlation in the cohesive devices, and the translation use '罗宾逊一家' to convert the cohesive devices of the original text through lexical cohesion, which ensures the semantic coherence. Similarly, 'someone else' in the original text and the subsequent 'she' and 'her' are correlated, in order to achieve the semantic logic of the text, different convergence means are used for the original text. Reverse translation is used for translate the main sentence 'they can not bring in someone else to testify' and the followed object clause, and according to the context semantic and logical relationship, before the clause, the conjunction '如果' is added, which is in line with the Chinese habit of expression conditions first and following by the results. At the same time, for the translation of the original clause, the author uses cohesive device to remove the pronoun 'she', “someone else” is specifically translated as '这样的证人.' For the next sentence ④ ⑤, according to the causal logic of Chinese, it also adjusts the order for the translation. As it can be seen from the examples, if there is no proper cohesion and coherence in translation, it will directly affect the semantic and logical equivalence of the translation, thus affecting a reader's understanding and acceptance. Translators should be on the
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