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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

* Complex organizational structures arising out of re - organization of business enterprises (e.g. merger/ de -merger etc.).

* Opportunities for business process outsourcing.

* Growing complexity of products/services, as banks now provide total business services and employ CRM (Customer Relationship Management) in their business activities.

* With liberalization and globalization, banks compete very hard with each other for business.

* Capital allocation for operational risks is a prime requisite for today's business organizations.

2.3.3. Operational Risk Vs Operations Risk

Operational Risk has a wider coverage wherein process, people, systems etc. of an organization are also considered. In general while operational risk is analogous to operations risk, in the context of risk management, they are not alike as will be evident from the following table:

Table 1: Distinction between Operational Risk and Operations Risk

According to the “Kenneth Swensen of Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago”, there is a clear demarcation between operational risk and operations risk, from the viewpoint of relative risk contents.

Operational risk should deserve special attention for an organization so that its procedures become fully Basel Accord II compliant.

He remark regarding Basel II is , “…… under Basel II, if you are not moving forward, you are losing ground”.

The distinctions are clearly mentioned below :

Operational Risk

Operations Risk

1. Operational Risk encompasses enterprise wide risk of loss arising out of inadequate, failed internal processes, people system or from external events.

1. Operations Risk encompasses risk by loss arising out of back office reconciling processes and does not generally cover front office functions.

2. Integrated risk management is the watch - dog of such risk management function in the organization

2. Internal audit Department usually manages such risks. It is the first line of defense.

3. Basel Accord II specifies capital charge computation based on three approaches evolved for the purpose.

3. There is no requirement for any specific capital charge.

4. The organization must prepare and periodically update on operational risk policy mentioning, and should frame a computation method of measurement of operational risk capital.

4. There is no need for any specific policy document since each organization is guided by its manual/ book of instruction.

5. Regulatory Authority under pillar II has the responsibilities to review enterprise wide operational risk management of the organization.

5. Regulatory Authorities do not have any Pillar II responsibility. They may review operation risk as an ingredient of operational risk.

6. Corporate Governance study must take into account operational risk management of an organization especially the effect of any human error/skill deficiency aspects.