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第一章：前言

1.1 前言

操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败”。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

从2001年开始,巴塞尔银行监管委员会的国际结算银行已经要求银行留出监管资本,以弥补潜在的运营亏损。资本数量必须以评估一年的聚合资本为基础，并且必须保持在一个较高的置信水平。统计工具必须准确评估频率和损失程度分布。

所谓的“低频率/高严重性”事件所存在的问题包括建模操作风险,并要求能够充分捕捉过度的数据，避免遗漏的情况。

操作风险是三个风险管理的重要武器之一,另外两个是信用风险和市场风险(财政部)。任何组织,特别是在银行业,无论是内部组织还是外部组织都会直接暴露出操作风险。

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Introduction

Operational risk is defined as “the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people and systems, or from external events.” Financial markets in the last two decades have been highlighted by large-scale financial failures due to incompetence and fraud, such as Barings, Daiwa, Allied Irish Banks, Orange County, Enron, along with man-made and natural disasters, such as “9/11,” Hurricanes Andrew and Katrina. As a consequence, operational risk has been acknowledged to overweigh the importance of credit and market risks.

Since 2001, the Basel Committee for the Banking Supervision of the Bank of International Settlements has been requiring banks to set aside regulatory capital amount that would cover potential operational loss. The capital amount must be evaluated on a one-year aggregated basis at a sufficiently high confidence level. Statistical tools are required to accurately assess the frequency and severity distributions.

The presence of so-called “low frequency/ high severity” events poses problems for the modeling of operational risk and calls for models capable of capturing excessive heavy-tailedness in the data.

Operational risk is one of the important arms of the risk management triangle - the other two being Credit Risk and Market (Treasury) Risk. Any organization, particularly in the banking sector, is squarely exposed to operational risks emanating within or outside the organization.

Risk Management Triangle

Credit Risk Market (Treasury) Risk.

Operational risk

Operational risk capital charge is a mandatory requirement in global banking sector. This puts in a lot of stress and strain on a bank's management.

Operational Risk is also known as Transaction Risk in some countries.

In order to efficiently face this new challenge of operational risk in risk management, the prerequisites for efficiently facing the operational risk are enumerated as follows :

Ø creation of risk culture ;

Ø enterprise wide operational ;

Ø risk awareness.

Proactive steps at all the levels of operation should operate as a safety valve and in the process, may in turn facilitate lower risk capital charge.

1.2. Background

Risk mapping is often mentioned bot本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。