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ptoms, that is cultural trauma, which “occurs when members of a collectivity feel they have been subjected to a horrendous event that leaves indelible marks upon their group consciousness, marking their memories forever and changing their future identity in fundamental and irrevocable ways” (Alexander, 2004:1). Thus, cultural trauma with its group dimension, refers to a collective wounded experience, related to both individual and group identification. The groups depicted by Naipaul are all in a state of estrangement and are presented with certain symptoms, closely linked with historical, cultural and social factors. 

When the psychological state of individuals stands vividly, some representative groups also come into sight: the former colonized drifting in west, the white in the third world and those local blacks heavily oppressed. It is not difficult to discover distinctive collective symptoms behind each group. At the same time, those groups encounter estrangement from their fellows, their nations and the outside, falling into the “limbo state”, where their national identity cannot be recognized, a stable life cannot be achieved, and even safety cannot be guaranteed. 

1.1 Rootlessness of the Ex-colonized in Western World

As an immigrant writer the in post-colonial period, Naipaul, who claims himself “the citizen of the world”, pays close attention to those who are marginalized in the post-colonial societies. Out of his special cultural identity and status—a British-Indian writer born in the former colony Trinidad, his sufferings in the first-world society prompt him to focus on the rootlessness and nihility of those ex-colonized people lost in mainstream countries. And his two short stories One out of Many and Tell Me Who to Kill incisively portray such drifting group and their traumatic experience. 

“Limbo state” refers to the miserable condition of the rootless immigrants over the world in post-colonial literature, in which “limbo” is derived from a dark and scary place near the hell in Dante’s Inferno of Devine Comedy (Miao, 2010). The liberation of the third-world countries after the second world war has set off a wave of emigration, during which those migrants came to an alien country spontaneously or forcibly and gradually disconnected themselves from their national culture. However, on the other hand, they find it extremely difficult to integrate into a heterogeneous culture. Thus, the loss of belonging entraps them into the “limbo state”, along with a cultural identity crisis. Salman Rushdie states in the preface he writes for Günter Grass’s On Writing and Politics: 

A full migrant suffers, traditionally, a triple disruption: he loses his place, he enters into an alien language, and he finds himself surrounded by beings whose social behavior and code is very unlike, and sometimes even offensive to, his own (1986: ii). 

Chapter Three Integration: Endeavors to Work through Trauma ............. 42

I. Working-through of Individual Trauma ........................ 42

1.1 Ineffectual Effort: Withdrawal from Traumatic Environment ...... 43

1.2 Essential Approach: Narration of Traumatic Experiences ............ 45

Conclusion .................................. 53

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