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Chapter Two literature review

In this chapter, the important theories will be stated in detail. An overview of theappraisal theory will be presented firstly and then the origin and framework of theappraisal theory will be introduced. In the framework of the appraisal theory, thesubsystems of Appraisal system will be presented in detail. After that, the relevant studiesabroad and at home will be given. At last, the studies on the counterterrorism speeches willbe introduced as well.

2.1 An Overview of the Appraisal Theory

Appraisal Theory is developed from the interpersonal meaning in the SystemicFunctional Linguistics. A program called Write It Right is conducted in 1990s and theappraisal theory is developed from the study of the language used in the program. Differentattitudes, stances and ideologies can be revealed through Appraisal Theory. In the specificanalyzing process, it focuses on evaluation achieved through lexical level rather thanthrough grammatical level.At the level of discourse semantics, the appraisal can be located as an interpersonalsystem. It co-articulates interpersonal meaning with two other systems-negotiation andinvolvement. Among these three discourse semantic resources (appraisal, negotiation andinvolvement), appraisal is the major one to construe interpersonal meaning. Theinterpersonal meaning of appraisal, negotiation and involvement can realize therelationship between power and solidarity in the discourse tenor via the correspondinglexicogrammar and phonology. The relationship of three discourse semantics is presentedas the follow:Appraisal itself is regionalized as three interacting domains--‘attitude’, ‘engagement’and ‘graduation’. Attitude is concerned with our feelings, including emotional reactions,judgments of behavior and evaluation of things. It is divided into three regions of feeling,‘affect’, ‘judgment’, and ‘appreciation’. Engagement deals with sourcing attitudes and theplay of voices around opinions in discourse. It is divided into monoglossic andheteroglossic. Graduation is concerned with gradability and it is divided into force andfocus. Force includes raise and lower. Focus includes sharpen and soften.

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2.2 Counterterrorism Speeches
As for the political speech, there is no universal agreement about its definition. Thepolitical speeches are focused on the development of the society. Generally speaking, thebest known political speeches are always delivered by the important statesmen. Thefunction of the political speeches is to encourage people to transform their attitude. Eventhe history can be changed because of the important political speeches.Counterterrorism speeches belong to a kind of political speeches. President Obamaand Bush have delivered counterterrorism speeches since “9.11” event of 2001. ComparingBush with Obama, President Obama’s effort of opposing the terrorism is stronger. Hecarries out a series of counterterrorism strategies rather than only the counterterrorism warto eliminate the terrorism. In other words, he aims to strike the terrorism through theinternational cooperation. Therefore, it is meaningful to study and analyze Obama’scounterterrorism speeches.
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Chapter Three Research Questions and Research methodology..........25
3.1 Research Questions.............25
3.2 Data Collection.....25
3.3 Research Procedure and Methodo