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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 thesis登出时间:2014-06-27编辑:lgg点击率:3874
论文字数:36200论文编号:org201406271100548524语种:英语 English地区:中国价格:$ 66
摘要:Formative assessment is still not familiar enough to scholars and teachers inChina. It is obvious that mostprofessional work on formative assessment is limited tothe theoretical level.
Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Formative Assessment
Many scholars have different understanding of the definition of formativeassessment.Cowie and Bell (1996) once defined formative assessment as the processemployed by teachers and students to recognize and respond to students learning so asto enhance thatlearning in the learning process.Black and William (1998) think “formative assessment refers to all thoseactivities undertaken by teachers, or by students, which provide information to beused as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they areengaged.”Atkin et al. (2003) points out: “formative assessment refers to assessments thatprovide information to students and teachers to improve teaching and learning. Theseare often informal andongoing, though they need not.”McMillan (2007) defines formative assessment as a set of skills and activitiesthat are undertaken by teachers to provide feedback to students to enhance theirmotivationand learning by designing instruction to meetstudents’ needs. (Xu, 2011)By comprehending the definitions above, the common ground can be reachedthat formative assessment is the one that assesses students’ learning process throughobservation, activities, testing, questionnaire, interview and discussion. It is asustainable assessment carried out in a flexible and open condition without so muchanxiety (Lou, 2003). As its focus is on the process, formative assessment concentratesnot only the knowledge and skill, but also the learning interest, strategy, attitude,sense of participation, cooperationand culture. Suchan assessmentcontributes to
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2.2 Definition of Backwash and Related Terms
Backwash effect is once defined by many scholars. In the section, the paperwillfirst present different definition of backwash and then explain the classification ofbackwash, and finally review the research concerning the backwash effect both athome andabroad. There existnumerous definitions of backwash.Hughes (1989) defines backwash as “the effect of testing on teaching andlearning” and itcanbe harmful orbeneficial.Shohamy (1992 & 1993) defines backwash as “the utilization of externallanguage tests to affectand drive foreign language learning in the school context”.More detailed, herexplanation of the definition of the tern can be summarized inthe following fourpoints:
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ChapterThree Research Methodology........ 22
3.1 Subjects ........22
3.2 Instruments ........23
3.2.1 Unittesting paper ........23
3.2.2 Interview ........23
3.2.3 Questionnaire survey ........24
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