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英语的被动语态是动词的一种表现形式, 要掌握英语的被动语态及其应用, 首先要了解动词及短语动词的特点。英语中的动词或短语动词都可以分为及物与不及物两大类。凡是及物动词都要带宾语, 凡是不及物动词都不需要带宾语。当及物动词后面没有宾语或宾语不完整时, 该动词与主语之间的关系就要用被动语态的形式来表现。一般来说, 只有及物动词才有被动语态。因此, 要掌握好英语的被动语态与应用,必须弄清两个要点:
1. 弄清句中用作谓语的动词或短语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。
2. 如果是及物动词, 若后面没有宾语或者宾语不完整, 那么该句子的谓语动词就要用被动语态。如:
(1) All the employees except the manager _____towork online at home.
A. encourages B. encourage
C. is encouraged D. are encouraged
该题的谓语动词encourage的常用句型是 “encourage sb. to do sth.” , 从该题题干的结构来看, 缺
少宾语, 因此, 必须用被动语态的形式; A、B两个选项都不是被动语态, 可以排除; C选项虽然是被动语态, 但助动词 “is”是单数意义, 与主语employees的复数意念不一致; D选项既是被动语态, 助动词
“are”又是复数意义, 因此是正确答案。
(2) ─_____the sports meet might be put off.─Yes, it all depends on the weather.
A. I ve been told B. I ve told
C. I m told D. I told
该题的谓语动词tell的常用句型是“tell sb. sth.”或 “tell sth. to sb.” , 即它后面通常要跟双宾语: 指人的宾语 ( 间接宾语) 和指物的宾语 ( 直接宾语) ;在该题的题干中它后面只有一个宾语 (用作直接宾语的从句) , 属于宾语不完整, 因此, 谓语动词要用被动语态; B、D两个选项均不是被动语态, 可以排除;C选项虽然是被动语态, 但是一般现在时, 不合语境, 可以排除; A选项无论在结构上还是在意义方面均符合题意, 所以是正确答案。
在使用被动语态时还有以下一些因素需要考虑:
1. 当含有that的宾语从句的主动句变成被动句时, 通常以表示人的宾语, 即间接宾语作为主语,that从句不变。如:
主动句: They warned him that the man was dan-gerous. 他们提醒他, 这个人很危险。被动句: He was warned that the man was dangerous. 他被告诫说, 这个人很危险。
2. 含有以介词或副词结尾的短语动词的主动句变成被动句时, 要把短语动词作为整体看待, 不可丢
掉动词后的介词或副词。如:主动句: Aunt Li looked after the baby. 李大婶照料过那个婴儿。
被动句: The baby was looked after by Aunt Li. 那婴儿曾由李大婶照料过。
3.“动词+名词+介词”变为被动句时, 有两种方法: 一是把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语; 二是把固定短语动词中的名词变为被动句的主语。如:
主动句: You should pay attention to your pronun-ciation. 你应该注意发音。
被动句: Your pronunciation should be paid atten-tion to.
或: Attention should be paid to your pronunciation.类似的短语动词还有make use of, take notice of,take hold of, keep a record of, play a trick on等等。
4. 在考虑使用被动语态的时候还要注意动词时态的正确运用。如:
I can t see any coffee in this cupboard. ______?
A. Has it all been finished
B. Was it all finished
C. Has it all finished
D. Did all finish
finish表示吃、喝的意思时是及物动词, 与coffee是动宾关系, 但所有四个选项中的finish后面都没有宾语, 因此, 应该考虑谓语动词要用被动语态, 所以C、D两个选项可以被排除; 从前面一句“I can t see any coffee in this cupboard.”可以知道说话者是想知道现在还有没有咖啡, 因此, 谓语动词的动作与现在是有联系的, 应该用现在完成时, 所以B选项可以被排除掉, 只有A选项是正确答案。
专项练习
1. Telephone messages for the manager ______ on
her desk but she didn t notice them.
A. were left B. was left
C. was leaving D. were leaving
2. According to the art dealer, the painting ______
o go for at least a million dollars.
A. is expected B. expects
C. expected D. is expecting
3. The mayor of Beijing says that all the construc-
ion work for the Beijing Olympics ______ by 2006.
A. has been completed
B. has completed
C. will have been completed
D. will have competed
4. The number of deaths from heart disease will be
reduced greatly if people ______ to eat more fruit and
vegetables.
A. persuade B. will persuade
C. be persuade D. are persuaded
5. More patients ______ in hospital this year than
ast year.
A. treated B. have treated
C. had been treated D. have been treated
6. —Gorge and Lucy got married last week. Did you
go to their wedding?
—No, I ______. Did they have a big wedding?
A. was not invited B. have been not invited
C. hadn t been invited D. didn t invited
7. Why don t you put the meat in the fridge? It will
______ fresh for several days.
A. be stayed B. stay
C. be staying D. have stayed
8. —What happened to the priceless works of art?
—______.
A. They were destroyed in the ear