全球化影响的差异分析作业 [5]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:作业 Assignment登出时间:2014-09-22编辑:yangcheng点击率:8267
论文字数:3596论文编号:org201409221242181656语种:英语 English地区:马来西亚价格:免费论文
关键词:分析作业Globalisation effects全球化影响经济力量
摘要:世界正在面临着全球化的挑战,本文是一篇全球化影响的差异的留学生作业,普雷维什 (1972年)不再单以经济的角度或作为一个同质系统来看世界,而是作为两个不同的区域:经济力量的中心——欧洲和美国,以及外围实力较弱的国家——拉丁美洲,非洲和亚洲。
e Sarkar-Singer (1991) analysis has, however, provoked a number of criticisms, particularly by Athukorala (1993), who emphasised the unreliability of unit value indices as indicators of ‘genuine’ price changes, since they are influenced also by changes in the commodity mix. Moreover, the aggregate unit value series used by Sarkar-Singer (1991) relate to the total exports of developed, and of developing, countries, and not to the trade between these two country groups. This is likely, Athukorala (1993) argued, to bias their results. Sarkar-Singer’s (1993) reply to Bleaney (1993) and Athukorala (1993) concluded that the terms of trade of the South deteriorated not only in their exchange of primary products for Northern manufactures but also in their exchange of manufactures for Northern manufactures. The Sarkar-Singer hypothesis is supported by the empirical evidence gained, regardless of the criticisms, by Athukorala and Bleaney. Bleaney’s (1993) criticisms on three points of Sarkar-Singer (1991) are addressed and responded to, mainly discrediting the point highlighting the time period and end point that they choose to look at. Authukorala’s (1993) criticisms of Sarkar-Singer are responded to and disregarded. Sarkar-Singer created two sub-periods and find, that the results are not statistically significant to disprove the original value proposed by Sarkar-Singer. A study by Maizels (2002) “1981-96 the net barter terms of trade of developing countries showed a significant deterioration in the first half of the 1980s and has been trendless since then, while the terms of trade of developed countries, which had been trendless in the first half of the 1980s, has shown a significant upward movement thereafter. Over the whole period, the relative terms of trade trend of developing countries, compared with that of developed countries, has significantly worsened.”
Wood (1997) compared the price of a basket of developed-country manufactured exports and services with a basket of developing country manufactured exports and concluded from this that within manufactures, between 1985 and 1995, developing countries had experienced a 20 percent decline in their terms of trade when compared with the manufactures (and some services) exported by high-income economies. But this was a relatively crude estimate of falling terms of trade in manufactures.
The Prebisch-Singer hypothesis has been subjected to an extensive debate, especially from Spraos (1980), Sapsford (1985), Grilli and Yang (1988), Balassa (1989), Powell (1991), Sarkar and Singer (1991, 1993), Athukorala (1993, 2000), Bleaney (1993), Bleaney and Greenaway (1993), Lucke (1993), Bloch and Sapsford (2000), Maizels (2000), and Sarkar (2001). All have provided or discussed evidence on the question. Almost all these studies considered trends in the terms-of-trade between, firstly, primary products and manufactures, secondly, imports and exports of manufactured goods by developing countries, or finally, exports of manufactures by developing and developed countries. The last two pairs have been studied because, as Sarkar and Singer (1991) noted, developing countries are exporting an increasing amount of manufactures, and it is not enough to limit the analysis to terms-of-trade between primary products and manufactures to get an idea of the trends in the terms-of-trade of developing countries relative to developed countries.
While studies of trends in terms-of
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