摘要:本文是一篇研究印度住房经济的留学生PPP关系分析论文,研究了在艾哈迈达巴德市的城市贫民,在市场力量与低收入人的需求之间的实现一种平衡的经济适用住房的 PPP 模式的潜力。
old may be related or unrelated or a mix of both.
Obsolete Houses: CRISIL (2010) categorized obsolete houses under the following three categories:
All houses aged more than 80 years considered as obsolete.
‘Satisfactory’ and ‘Bad’ conditioned houses in ‘60-80’ years old category.
‘Bad’ condition houses in ‘40-60’ years category.
Kutcha Houses: CRISIL (2010) defined kutcha houses with wall and roof made of temporary material. Wall and roof can be made of grass, thatch etc.
Pucca Houses: CRISIL (2010) defined pucca houses with wall and roof made of permanent material such as cement, concrete, oven burnt bricks etc.
Congested Houses: CRISIL (2010) defined congested houses as those in which the number of couples is not getting a separate room to stay.
Housing Stock: CRISIL (2010) every structure, tent, shelter, etc. was considered as a house irrespective of its use. It might be used for residential or non-residential purpose or both or might even be vacant.
Habitable Stock: CRISIL (2010) defined habitable stock as the net housing stock arrived after adjusting for kutcha houses, obsolete houses and congested houses as these houses are not considered as habitable houses and are included in the definition of housing shortage.
Housing Shortage: CRISIL (2010) defined housing shortage as a situation where all households are able to stay in good condition pucca house without any congestion.
Housing Poverty: MHUPA (March, 2012) addressed the persons who are houseless, live in squatter settlements, slums, extremely congested and unacceptable conditions who do not have the means to enter the housing market to claim ownership or acquire rental homes could be described as in housing poverty.
Economic Weaker Sections (EWS): The Ministry of Urban Development had notified and classified EWS as the households with monthly income of less than Rs 5000/- per month. The earlier limit of was of Rs. 3300/- p.m. This will increase EWS numbers by almost 40 per cent and the EWS population would thereby benefit from government housing schemes and gets softer interest rates on housing loans from state owned banks.
Lower Income Group (LIG): MHUPA (March, 2012) had notified and classified LIG as the households with monthly income between Rs 5000/- and Rs 10000/-. The earlier limit was in between Rs 3,301 - Rs 7,300. This will swell their numbers by about 20-25%. The new EWS and LIG income levels are based on the monthly per capita expenditure of an average Indian as per the National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO) 55th round in 2004-05. Indian Express Report (Feb, 2010) notified EWS and LIG households together loosely constitute the urban poor.
Middle Income Group (MIG): NCAER [3] (Feb, 2011) report, which had notified and classified MIG as the households with monthly income between Rs 28000/- to Rs 140000/- (at 2009-10 price levels) falls in the middle class category.
Housing Scenario In Urban India:-
Status of Housing in India:-
CRISIL Research expects Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of housing stock to increase from 1.7 percent in phase III (2009-2010) to 2.4 percent in phase IV (2011-2015). Large numbers of housing units are expected to be built by various government schemes to improve rural housing and er
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