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; 此外,过渡连接词语不仅是连接句子以获得语篇连贯性的手段,它同时还是表明句与句之间关系的手段。例如:for example, for instance是对前面句子的具体说明;in contrast, on the other hand是与前面的句子进行对比表示相反或不同的意见;as a result, thus, therefore表示前面句子引出的结果;to sumup, in conclusion, eventually是对前面句子的总结概括。总之,较好地掌握这些过渡连接词语的用法,把它们恰当而灵活地运用在英语的写作中,无疑能使思维表达清楚,文章通顺而有条理。

四、过渡连接词语的归类与总结

   英语过渡连接词语较多,分类的方式也不少,如章振邦(1989:1531)将英语连接词语分为3大类:逻辑纽带(logical connector)、语法纽带(grammatical connector)和词汇纽带(lexical connector)。夸克(R·Quirk)等人则分为13大类:(1)列举类;(2)强势类;(3)对等类;(4)转折类;(5)总结类;(6)同位类;(7)结果类;(8)推论类;(9)重述类;(10)替换类;(11)对立类;(12)让步类;(13)时间转换类。显然,他们的分类要么过于笼统,要么过分繁琐,缺乏实用性。本文着重从写作顺序的角度对过渡连接词语进行重新分类,以便初学者在写作过程中能够进行有选择的练习。

1.表示顺序开始的过渡连接词语

   此类连接词语常用来引导主题句,或者用于主题句后,引导第一个扩展句。这类连接词语有:to begin with; to startwith; first of all; in the first place; first; at first; in the beginning;for one thing等等。例如:

At first, no one noticed the man sitting in the corner.

In the first place, he is a man of character.

To begin with(First of all), you should plan your time carefully.

2.在顺序中起承上启下作用的过渡连接词语

   此类词语常用来承接主题句或承接前一个扩展句,它可以分为以下几种情况:

   1)表示说明、举例、增补或程序发展的中间过渡词语:in the second place(常与in the first place连用);second(ly); third(ly)(常与first(ly)连用);for another(常与for one thing连用); on the other (hand)(常与on (the)one hand连用); besides(this); moreover; furthermore; what’s more; in addition; in addition to等等。例如:

First of all, the campus of our university is very beautiful…In addition, it has excellent facilities…Moreover, the tuition is not very expensive.Most important, dogs are pets and friends of millions of Americans…Dogs are also widely used in hunting…Inaddition, dogs may serve as protection…

   2)表示时间顺序发展的中间过渡词语:then; later; next; soon; after that; afterwards; after a while; following等。例如:

Check your luggage. After that(Then,or Next), go to the gate.On July 4, Middleburg held its annual Independence Day celebration…At 12:20 p.m., the parade reachedAmbrose Park, where Mayor Rita Pasqarelli addressed the crowd. After the speech, there were games and races in the park…At 7:00 p.m. the picnic started. Afterwards, from 7:30 to 9:30, the band played dance music…

   3)表示时间顺序同步的中间过渡词语:at the same time; by this time; meanwhile(meantime); similarly;just as等。例如:

She hates him. But at the same time, she pities him.

He built a cottage, meanwhile, she prepared lunch.

3.表示结尾的过渡连接词语

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