英国建筑业经济学论文 [9]
论文作者:英语论文论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2014-09-18编辑:yangcheng点击率:9539
论文字数:4576论文编号:org201409181302491725语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:索赔和争议责任风险和解Economics EssayConstruction Industry建筑业经济
摘要:本文是一篇留学生的建筑业经济学论文,建筑业在香港经济中起着重要的作用。政府宣布在2009-2010年度财政预算中,计划斥资393亿港元的用于基础设施。根据政府统计部门公布的2009年经济背景及2010年前景展望,建筑业在2008年贡献了3.1%的GDP,行业员工分担了49422个劳动岗位。
People with higher perceive self-efficacy activate sufficient effort that produce successful outcome (Stajkovic and Luthans, 1998; Bandura, 1986, 1997)
Similarly, in the negotiation context, the constraints are something that inhibit or reduce the success of negotiation. When the negotiators face these constraints and they have no choice but to face it, so the influence of self-efficacy on selection of environment or activities is little. Instead, it is believed that the influence of self-efficacy on cognition is greater. Self-efficacy influences cognition in four ways. First, they influence the goals people set for themselves. The stronger self-efficacy beliefs for performance, the higher goals people set and firmer commitment to goals than those with weaker beliefs about their abilities. Second, self-efficacy beliefs influence how people plan to achieve these goals. Third, self-efficacy beliefs influence how people develop the rules for predicting and influencing events. Finally, self-efficacy influences the efficiency and effectiveness of problem solving. In conclude, it is suggested that ※when faced with complex decision-making tasks, people who believe strongly in their problem-solving abilities remain highly efficient and highly effective problem solvers and decision maker; those who doubt their abilities become inefficient and ineffective.§ (Maddx, 1995; Bandura and Jourden, 1991; Bandura and Wood, 19989; Wood and Bandura,1989).
2.4 HYPOTHESIS OF STUDY
Constraints lead to inefficient negotiation. Since the negotiators cannot select the environment or walk away from negotiation constraints, the influence of self-efficacy on problem-solving through cognition is more important than influence on selection processes. This line of researches has not been studied in construction negotiation. As noted earlier, higher self-efficacy tend to have higher efficiency and effectiveness of problem solving. Consistence with this, it hypothesizes that there is a relationship between negotiators* level of self-efficacy in overcoming constraints and negotiation performance. In other words, negotiators with higher self-efficacy level in overcoming constraints tend to have higher achievement on negotiation performance.
As earlier mentioned, negotiator with higher level of self-efficacy will set higher goals and be willing to spend more effort to overcome the constraints and consequently achieve certain negotiation performance. Since if negotiators do not believe that they are able to do tackle these constraints successfully, they may not even try to do it, regardless of how well they perform. Consistent with this, it also hypothesize that negotiation performance depends on negotiators* level of self-efficacy in overcoming constraints. In order words, the level of self-efficacy contributes to the prediction of negotiation performance.
Different self-interest
Distributed and asymmetric information
Inadequate information
Late submission of information
Difficult to assemble relevant parties
Conflicting roles
Unfamiliar with negotiation styles
Problem solving
Conflict reduction
Satisfied solution by both parties
Effective information sharing
Friendly and cooperative negotiation
Adequate information
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