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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

s to have improvedbut this is likely a cyclical fluctuation around an intact structural trend toward investors owning an increasing share of credit assets directly (rather than indi-rectly, through banks).

Even as they sought to reduce expo-sure to lending, dealer banks retained a comparative advantage in arranging, originating, syndicating and securitiz-ing credit. If economies of scale were achieved, these activities not only al-lowed amortization of the costs of spe-cialized and expensive staff resources but also used relatively small amounts of equity capital. So the same type of assessment of risk-adjusted returns that suggested direct lending was often more efficiently done by investors also high-lighted the fact that the origination and distribution of risk assets could be a very attractive line of business.

2.10. Conclusion

Implementation of Basel II has been described as a long journey rather than a destination by itself. The journey is certainly tougher than we thought. Undoubtedly, it would require commitment of substantial capital and human sources on the part of banks and the supervisors. For banks, the main challenges appear to be the skills shortages and data inadequacies coupled with uncertainties regarding costs associated with implementation. It is a regulatory responsibility to encourage banks to have a phased implementation programme starting from a traditional baseline scenario of identification of operational risks, assessment, and awareness monitoring and integrating these elements over a period. Basel II implementation and operational risk mitigation process puts heavy burden on supervisors to detect problems in banks, to stay on top of the latest advances in risk management and to avoid abuses of many powers that are given to supervisors.

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODLOGY

3.1. Introduction

This section deals with the appropriate choice of research method which is suitable for the given study and shall be useful in reaching to the conclusion accurately and effectively.

3.2. Research Process

The marketing research always deals with the systematic process of research for given topic. In marketing research, it becomes necessary to outline the framework according to the research question and demand. The outline should affect the approach towards the conclusion and thus, help in taking out the conclusion. Proper identification, collection, analysis and distribution of essential information required for the research work. After this procedure the data collected for the study becomes relevant and can be analyzed accordingly. The research process for my study has been shown below:

3.3. Research Design

The research design is prepared with the aim of providing the proper way of research with respect to the study. This makes it important to clearly define the research design, which should be in order as it is required. However, the research on a particular topic can be done in many ways but for researcher it is more important to take out the best and suitable among these methods. (Walonick, 2003). There are various reasons for choosing the ap本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。