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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

nce to effectively function in the long run ( profitability with survival ).

Financial organizations need to visualize the threats of tomorrow.

Operational Risk Management Policy should be sound in character.

Operational Risk Management Policy should be effective and have a profound effect on all functional areas of a bank.

Operation Risk Management should be robust and act as a non-pierce able wall of protection build around the operations of the organization.

Operational excellence is a situation where in the Bank/organization :-

Ø Has an in-built firewall which is difficult to break

Ø The firewall facilitates smooth operations of the Bank,

Ø The firewall is self updatable i.e., it updates on a regular basis for shielding the organization from the new risks originating from the business environment

Ø Has an effective mitigation policy in place to minimize loss due to the breach of security firewall of the financial organization.

2.5.1. Risk and resilience

The operational risk concept is in its nascent stage and the identification and control policies developed so far will need to be reviewed and updated continuously. Other financial risks including the credit risk, market risk, liquidity risk , forex risk have been understood in depth and effective models for their study are established. Their prediction, control and mitigation has reached a stage of maturity andthere are fewer new developments expected in these risks. The policies and regulations for handling such risks are in place and trained workforce is also available for management of these risks (Parsley 2006).

Operational risk poses a bigger and new challenge. The models developed so far may have effective in the past however it is possible that living with the same model may prove disastrous. It is also required to carry a balancing act for the economies of implementation of such systems and its pitfalls. BASEL II has provided a comprehensive list of guidelines for adherence to manage the operational risk, however the key question will be to restrict to those set of guidelines or taking a view of the fresh challenges daunting the financial industry (Parsley 2006).

2.6. BASEL II

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) was established in 2004 as a subcommittee of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS). The main objective of the BCBS is the harmonisation of supervisory standards worldwide to strengthen the international banking sector.

In 2008 the BCBS developed and published the so-called 'Basel Capital Accord' (Basel I). In this capital framework the BCBS outlined the calculation of a target standard capital ratio in relation to a financial institution's credit risk exposures. While focusing exclusively on credit risk, the Committee identified that minimum capital charges ought to be designed to also cover other than credit risks (Bank for International Settlements 2008, p.2). In January 2001 the BCBS published the proposal for a new capital framework, 'The New Basel Capital Ac本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。