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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

rocess of implementation along with periodic monitoring.

Ø Risk element in various segments within an organization may vary depending on the type of the intra - activities ( occurring within the organizational boundary).

Ø Severity and magnitude of risk must be documented, stating in clear terms the check points and safeguards to be adopted for effective risk management . It should also be ensured that check points and safeguards operate consistently and effectively, besides being flexible.

Ø While segregating and assigning duties to various personnel, clear lines of responsibility should be drawn.

Ø Staff accountability must be clearly pronounced so that various risk segments are handled are handled by various functionaries with full understanding and dedication, while also owning the responsibility for their actions.

Ø Risk areas need to be identified. Identified risks should be measured, monitored and controlled as per the needs and operating environment of the organization.

Ø A system of “internal risk audit” needs to be established which works in tandem with internal audit of financial accounts and provides regular risk audit feedback at periodic intervals..

Ø All the risk segments should operate in an integrated manner on an enterprise wide basis.

Ø ‘Risk Tolerance' limits for various categories must be in effectively implemented and ‘exception reports' should be generated on occurrence of certain exceptional events.

2.4.1. Operational risk can be divided into three functions:

§ Efficient and effective maintenance of business infrastructure mostly consists of

Ø information systems,

Ø security policy,

Ø internal controls

Ø risk management

§ Effective internal audit function,

Ø which includes assurance about

Ø integrity of information systems, compliance,

Ø effective internal controls, assurance and effective internal audit

§ Pricing of operational risk management, includes

Ø measurement of losses,

Ø pricing of operational risks for each line of business,

Ø RAROC ( Risk-adjusted Return on Capital) and measuring capital requirement

2.4.2. Operational Risk Policy

Policy document of any activity group of activities provides a broad framework for a specific course of action. It acts as a source of guidelines and procedures to be followed for effective risk management.

A bank must have a specific policy document for operational risks which should be duly approved by the board of directors.

In view with the requirements of Basel Accord I, operational risk is seen as an altogether ‘new dimension' for commercial banking.

The ten principles invoked by Base Committee act as corner stone for drafting policies which provides guidelines like :-

Ø One cannot have a ‘one-size-fits-all' operational risk policy that is appropriate for all the banks.

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