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摘要：本文是一篇风险管理留学范文。操作风险被定义为“内部流程、人员和系统的配备操作不足或外部事件不完善所造成的风险损失或失败。在过去的二十年里，金融市场中普遍存在的无能和欺诈已经造成了大规模的金融失败,如巴林银行、大和证券、爱尔兰联合银行、奥兰治县、安然公司，以及其他的人为和自然灾害,如“9·11事变”、“安德鲁和卡特里娜飓风”。因此,操作风险已经被认为比信贷危机和市场风险更为重要。

5% of average gross income) calculated over previous three years.

Qualifying Criteria

BIA is actually the ‘default option' hence, there are no qualifying criteria. Banks which are not in a position to initially adopt a more sophisticated approach may follow this.

Drawbacks

* Operational risk exposure is very loosely connected with income-total business -operating expenditure may still be a better indicators.

* Quality of operational risk management between two banks with approximately same level of income cannot be assessed.

* Operational risk assessment, as such, being complicated, effectiveness of such a simple method is very much in doubt.

* Standardized Approach: This is a method of computation of operational risk capital of banks that is arrived at by dividing the bank's activities into eight business lines and taking a specific percentage of gross income of each business and aggregating the same for a given year.

Qualifying Criteria

* The regulatory authority of the country should be convinced that the board of directors and senior management are actively involved in the bank's operational risk management.

* Bank's operational risk management system must be ‘conceptually sound' and implemented with integrity.

* Bank should have sufficient resources necessary for using the approach, control and audit aspects.

* Banks should have developed specific policies and criteria for mapping gross income for its business line as well as appropriate system of periodical review thereof.

Drawbacks

* Assumption that operational risk varies proportionality to gross income is erroneous. When trading income is negative there is no capital charge, although the business line is quite risky.

* Banks adopting standardized approach may not derive any additional benefit since eventually operational risk percentage works out to 15%.

* A bank's higher/lower quality of operational risk management will not be reflected under this approach as it is not more risk sensitive than basic indicator approach.

* Advanced Measurement Approach (AMA): This is the method of computation of operational risk capital of banks based on estimates of unexpected losses using internal and external loss data, scenario analysis and bank specific business environment and internal control factors.

The computation of operational risk capital charge under AMA takes into account the following:

* Internal loss data of various units/sectors.

* Probability of loss event.

* Loss Given Event

Qualifying Criteria

The specific approval of regulatory authority of concerned country is to be obtained which may examine following aspects of the bank wishing to adopt the approach:

* The bank must have an independent operational risk functional framework responsible for the design and implementation of operational risk management that provides an appropriate control and reporting system.

* The bank's internal operational risk system must operate in such a manner that internal capital allocation and risk analy本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。