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2.1 Discussions on culture, language and communication
Culture is so boundless that almost nothing can be excluded. Edward T. Hall once saidthat "there is not one aspect of human life that is not touched and altered by culture.‖ (Hall,1990, p.16). Giving a good definition of culture is not the purpose of this thesis, but afurther elaboration about the categories of culture will be helpful in the context of cultureteaching.Jing Yu (于靖) classifies culture into three aspects. They are material culture whichincludes artifacts, art, literature and culture heritage, institutional culture which is mainlyabout the established rules, customs and practices and ideological culture which refers tovalues, beliefs and thinking patterns (Yu, 1987 in Xiao, 2010, p. 4). This way ofclassification is detailed but somewhat complicated and sometimes overlapped. Comparedwith this way of categorizing, the concept of ―iceberg model‖ seems vivid and easy tounderstand.

☆ Iceberg Model
Gary Weaver (1986) uses the image of an iceberg to explain these many layers ofculture (see Figure 2-1). Like an iceberg, only a small part of a culture is ―above water‖,which is composed of tangible things such as food, dress, language, architecture, music, artand literature. This part is termed as surface culture, objective culture, upper-case culture(Bennette, 2000), culture with a capital C, cultural knowledge information (Zhang Zhanyi张占一, 1990), external culture and overt culture by scholars in different research fields.However, another nine tenths of the iceberg, the major part of culture, is beneath thesurface and primarily out of our awareness. This part is composed of intangible things,including perceptions, beliefs, values, assumptions, expectations, pReferences, worldviewsand thought, and is often termed as deep culture, subjective culture, lower-case culture(Bennette, 1998), culture with a small c, cultural communication information (Zhang, 1990), internal culture and covert culture in different books. The ―above-water culture‖usually gains much attention from language teachers in their instruction since it is visibleand easy to identify and teach. And the ―below-water culture‖ is more likely to beoverlooked when teaching culture because it is out of sight and not easy to teach. Figure2-1 below clearly illustrates the notion of Culture Iceberg.

Chapter Three Investigations into culture teaching and ICC.......... 40-55
    3.1 Questionnaire ........40-49
        3.1.1 Objectives........ 40
        3.1.2 Subjects ........40-41
        3.1.3 Research design........41
        3.1.4 Results and further discussio........ 41-49
    3.2 A socio-cultural test ........49-55
        3.2.1 Objectives ........49
        3.2.2 Participants ........49-50
        3.2.3 Test design ........50-51
        3.2.4 Results and further discussion ........51-5本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。