英语论文网

on be explained on the basis of improved occlusion? Is the concept of a pathologic occlusion legitimate? To validate these concepts, the concept of occlusion must be broadened not only to the contact relationships of the teeth and they’re controlling neuromuscular system but additionally and more importantly to the function and dysfunction of the masticatory system. In this context, malocclusion may be considered pathologic. A new mind set has been developed that considers the relationships between the teeth, temporomandibular joints, muscles, and jaws. In this context, orthognathic surgical procedures not only may improve the interdigitation of the teeth but also may have a positive impact on function by creating a balanced environment for the teeth, temporomandibular joints, muscles, and jaws. It is impossible to master orthognathic surgical techniques without also being a student of the temporomandibular joint. The interrelationship between the teeth, joints, muscles, and jaws as part of a functional unit must be understood. Only when we know how this masticatory system was designed to work can we know what is wrong with it when it is not functioning correctly.
     The results to date in-patients with TMJ disorders and chronic pain treated with selective orthognathic surgical procedures and additional experience with other patients, with or without. Malocclusions provide support for the selective use of maxillary and mandibular osteotomies in treating temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction. In addition, surgical repositioning of the jaws may have a positive impact on patients who manifest obstructive sleep apnea and speech disorders.
     When the limited available procedures in preprosthetic surgery failed to resolve the dilemma of the complete or partially edentulous patient, research on osseointegrated implants, bone grafting techniques, reconstructive tissue techniques, and development of compatible ceramic materials opened new vistas for treatment of the preprosthetic and reconstructive surgery patient. Treatment of the completely or partially edentulous patient was revolutionized with the introduction of the concept of implant osseointegration. This concept came to Branemark serendipitously during microvascular bone marrow studies on live rabbits. He observed that screw - configured titanium vital microscopic chambers were inseparably incorporated within living tissue and were impossible to remove. Thereafter, a series of investigations ultimately led to the clinical application of osseointegration. The functional restoration of the dental occlusion and associated structures with implants is described in Section V. Impressive successes with both maxillary and mandibular implants have been duplicated in multicenter replication studies with various implant systems. Osseointegrated implants have since become a leading edge in the integration of surgery into medical and dental specialties; indeed, it has touched all healing disciplines.
     Various investigators have repeated the successful utilization of osseointegration for bone anchorage in the prosthetic management of craniofacial defects. Today, a seemingly endless variety of prosthetic, craniofacial，and orthopedic combinations can be employed to replace missing parts of the body.
     Anatomic model surgery in concert with the use of extraoral vertical referents has made three