Bussiness ManagementMBAstrategyHuman ResourceMarketingHospitalityE-commerceInternational Tradingproject managementmedia managementLogisticsFinanceAccountingadvertisingLawBusiness LawEducationEconomicsBusiness Reportbusiness planresearch proposal
英语论文题目英语教学英语论文商务英语英语论文格式商务英语翻译广告英语商务英语商务英语教学英语翻译论文英美文学英语语言学文化交流中西方文化差异英语论文范文英语论文开题报告初中英语教学英语论文文献综述英语论文参考文献
ResumeRecommendation LetterMotivation LetterPSapplication letterMBA essayBusiness Letteradmission letter Offer letter
澳大利亚论文英国论文加拿大论文芬兰论文瑞典论文澳洲论文新西兰论文法国论文香港论文挪威论文美国论文泰国论文马来西亚论文台湾论文新加坡论文荷兰论文南非论文西班牙论文爱尔兰论文
小学英语教学初中英语教学英语语法高中英语教学大学英语教学听力口语英语阅读英语词汇学英语素质教育英语教育毕业英语教学法
英语论文开题报告英语毕业论文写作指导英语论文写作笔记handbook英语论文提纲英语论文参考文献英语论文文献综述Research Proposal代写留学论文代写留学作业代写Essay论文英语摘要英语论文任务书英语论文格式专业名词turnitin抄袭检查
temcet听力雅思考试托福考试GMATGRE职称英语理工卫生职称英语综合职称英语职称英语
经贸英语论文题目旅游英语论文题目大学英语论文题目中学英语论文题目小学英语论文题目英语文学论文题目英语教学论文题目英语语言学论文题目委婉语论文题目商务英语论文题目最新英语论文题目英语翻译论文题目英语跨文化论文题目
日本文学日本语言学商务日语日本历史日本经济怎样写日语论文日语论文写作格式日语教学日本社会文化日语开题报告日语论文选题
职称英语理工完形填空历年试题模拟试题补全短文概括大意词汇指导阅读理解例题习题卫生职称英语词汇指导完形填空概括大意历年试题阅读理解补全短文模拟试题例题习题综合职称英语完形填空历年试题模拟试题例题习题词汇指导阅读理解补全短文概括大意
论文作者:佚名论文属性:短文 essay登出时间:2009-09-22编辑:steelbeezxp点击率:85785
论文字数:36000论文编号:org200909222222328586语种:英语 English地区:英国价格:免费论文
关键词:HUMREPISTEMOLOGYTHEORYKNOWLEDGE
3. Two Sorts of Knowledge.
The contrasts listed above reveal that there are really at least two sorts of knowledge, commonly labelled (i) propositional (or, somewhat misleadingly, theoretical knowledge), and (ii) practical knowledge. The late Oxford philosopher Gilbert Ryle (1900 – 1976) expressed this distinction with characteristic terseness: it is the distinction between knowing that and knowing how.
TASK 2: Which, in Ryle’s terms, is propositional knowledge, and which is practical knowledge? Can you give three more examples from everyday life of ‘knowing that’ and ‘knowing how’? Now can you provide examples of each sort from your primary field of advanced study?
Epistemologists, like philosophers in general, try to understand things better by breaking them into more fundamental components. (This is not unlike the approach of the natural scientist). However if we are not careful we can forget that in real life the components do not always occur discretely. For example, you might know someone who claims to know Latin (perhaps you do!) Is that propositional knowledge or practical knowledge? The answer is that it involves both. If you know Latin, you (to use Ryle’s terms) know that the Latin word for “country” is “patria”. But you also know how to translate, say, a verse of the love poetry of Catullus into English (or whatever is your background language). The same is true of knowing astro-physics or psychology. That is why, in serious conversation as opposed to chit chat, we are often reluctant to claim to “know philosophy” or “know biochemistry” – in claiming to know a field, we can give the impression that we know everything that there is to be known in that field. This reluctance is not just humility or modesty. Rather, as the Delphic Oracle is reputed to have declared more than two millennia ago, “The man who knows the most knows how much he doesn’t know.”
I said above that there are at least two types of knowledge, propositional and practical. But there is a third.
4. A Third Kind of Knowledge?
If you know the Vice-Chancellor of Bond University, or know Kylie Minogue, is that propositional or practical knowledge? Well, it certainly implies you have some propositional knowledge; you would, for example, know who these people are. But the reverse is not true; you can know who these people are, but not know them. (Many of us would know who Kylie Minogue is, but few – if any – of us would actually know her. The late Cambridge philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872 -1970) expressed the distinction this way. He introduced a contrast between what he called (i) knowledge by description and (ii) knowledge by acquaintance. Most of us, I suspect, have “knowledge by description” of Kylie Minogue (i.e. we know who she is, and maybe could recognise her picture) but few, if any, would have “knowledge by acquaintance”. The latter requires some history of a degree of direct interaction and familiarity. (Russell’s knowledge by description corresponds very roughly to what we have labelled propositional knowledge.)
5. What Sorts of Knowledge is Epistemology Concerned With?
The answer, overwhelmingly – and sadly! – has been propositional knowledge, together with the edifices composed largely of propositional knowledge such as theories. Practical knowledge has – again sadly! – been left largely to the ethicists or moral philosophers – people concerned 本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。