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论文作者:www.51lunwen.org论文属性:硕士毕业论文 dissertation登出时间:2015-01-27编辑:Cinderella点击率:14936
论文字数:6388论文编号:org201501261722005112语种:英语 English地区:日本价格:免费论文
关键词:Japanese cultureeconomy文化与经济日本dissertation
摘要:本文研究了日本文化对该国经济的影响,其影响既有正面促进作用,亦有反面作用。比如个人主义、工龄制度等等。
The members of the same graduating class usually start with similar salaries and, each year, salary increases and promotions are generally uniform; the purpose is to maintain harmony and avoid stress and jealousy within the group.
Individual evaluation, however, does occur. Early in workers' careers (by the age of thirty) distinctions are made in pay and job assignments and during the latter part of workers' careers, another distinction takes place, as only the best workers are selected for accelerated advancement into upper management.
Those employees who fail to advance are forced to retire from the company in their mid-to-late fifties. Retirement, however, does not necessarily mean a life of leisure; in fact poor pension benefits and modest social security means that many people have to continue working after retiring from a life career. Many management retirees work for the smaller subsidiaries of large companies or within the large company itself, but at substantially lower salaries.
A few major corporations in the late 1980s were conducting experiments with variations of permanent employment and automatic promotion; they were rewarding harder work and higher production with higher raises and more rapid promotions. Nevertheless, most corporations retained the more traditional forms of hiring and advancement.
Japanese managerial style and decision making in large companies emphasizes the flow of information and initiative from the bottom up, making top management a facilitator rather than the source of authority, while middle management is both the impetus for and the shaper of policy. Consensus is stressed as a way of arriving at decisions, and close attention is paid to workers' well-being.
Rather than serve as an important decision maker, the ranking officer of a company has the responsibility of maintaining harmony so that employees can work together and a Japanese CEO is considered as a consensus builder.
Seniority System
The system of seniority wages was originally based on valuable experiences and skills and on the assumption that livi本论文由英语论文网提供整理,提供论文代写,英语论文代写,代写论文,代写英语论文,代写留学生论文,代写英文论文,留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。