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How: The explosion took place near a military base where 70 United States special forces are training Columbian troops.

Responsibility: Noone claimed responsibility for the attack. Reaction: Officials are offering a$17,000 reward for information that leads to an arrest.

3. 语言图式的建立

语言图式的构建主要包括以下两方面的内容:句式图式和词汇图式。由于灾祸新闻突发性较强,那么它在句式上就具备高度浓缩的特点,扩展句和嵌入句被大量使用,力求用最节省的文字来传递尽可能多的信息。灾祸新闻的句式常常大量采用前置修饰语来代替后置的名词修饰语和从句,在基本句型SV和SVO的基础上进行扩展,适度地展开其定语和状语结构。比如以下新闻句子的基本句型都为SVO型的:

Isreali troops shot and wounded at least 20 Palestinians, including a child, when violent clashes broke out in the West Bank and Gaza Strip Saturday over the release of Palestinians jailed in Israel, witnesses said. Witnesses said live ammunition wounded Palestinian and 11 were wounded by rubber coated metal bullets during a protest by dozens of Palestinian near an army camp out-side the Jews settlement of Natzarim in a largely Palestinian ruled Gaza.

同时灾祸英语的词汇方面也有一定的规律可循。听者有必要将灾祸英语中常用的词汇分类速记,这样在听的过程中的困难便可大大减少。比如关于灾祸的词汇可分成两大类来记忆———自然灾祸(earthquake, flood, fire, hurricane etc.)和人为灾祸(air, car and train crash, boat sinking, bomb explosion, gas or oil leakage etc.)。关于事发过程的动词有break out, take place, occur, collapse, hit, explode, strike, blow up等。还要掌握有关损害及伤亡的动词destroy, devastate, ruin, flatten, level, kill, drown, wound, injure等。

图式理论在听英语灾祸新闻的过程中有着十分重要的作用。通过形式图式、内容图式及语言图式的确立,再加上多听勤练,英语学习者脑海中的图式不断地巩固丰富,听灾祸英语的能力势必大大提高。

参考文献:

[1]张健.英语报刊灾祸新闻写作特点例析.外国语,2007,(3).

[2]石英.英语新闻听力难点及教学对策.考试周刊,2007,(39).

[3]牟百治.英语专业四级新闻听力对策.外语界,2002,(3).

[4]易立梅.英语专业新闻听力策略.考试周刊,2007,(32).

[5]张潮.网络英语新闻与英语听力教学.新闻大学,2007,(12).