略化
概略化(generalization)是指采用虚化的方式来翻译原文较为具体化的表达方式。英语中常出现一些字面意义比较明确、具体、实在或形象的词句,但从上下文所表述的精神实质来看,作者的真正意图有时并不强调这些词句所表示的具体事物或概念,而是着意于一些概括性的、泛指的或一般性的事理。譬如用deadlock (打不开的锁)来指"僵局",用circulation desk (流通桌子)来只指"借阅处"。在这种情况下,译者可以反其字面意义,从汉语中选择含义抽象、概括或笼统的译词加以表达。这种概略化的译法更加符合事理的逻辑和汉语的表意习惯,更能给读者一个完整的印象。一般说来,概略化的译法可分为以下两种情况:
A. 具体词义概略化。原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词语,采用汉语中含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。例如:
(1) The United States is often depicted as a nation that has been devouring the world's mineral resources.人们常把美国说成是一个挥霍世界矿物资源的国家。(devour原义为"吞食")
(2) A single thermonuclear bomb today has the destructive force of all the bombs and other explosives of World War II.今天,一枚热核弹头的杀伤力就相当于二次大战中全部炮火的总和。(bomb和explosive的原义分别为"炸弹"和"炸药")
(3) Monday-morning quarterbacking about Israel's lack of preparedness for the October war plunged the country into a new political crisis last week.人们在事后指责以色列在十月战争中缺乏准备。上周,这种指责将以色列推入了一场新的政治危机。(Monday-morning quarterbacking如用具体化处理就是"星期一上午的四分后卫")
(4) For generations coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy sources used to transport men form place to place.几十年来,煤和石油一直被认为是交通运输的重要能源。(transport…place概略化译出)
B. 具体概念概略化。原文中某些字面意义比较实在或形象的词组或短语等改译成汉语中比较概括或笼统的说法。例如:
(1)In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table. 在现代世界上,盐除了供食用外,还有许多其他用途。(dining table原文为"饭桌")
(2) Pregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may need vitamins.孕妇和哺乳期的妇女可能需要维生素。(breast…children原义为"给自己的孩子喂奶")
(3) ATGMs alone cannot be expected to bear the burden of the MBT threat. 不能单单指望反坦克导弹来对付主战坦克的威胁。(bear……of原义为"承受……的重担")
(4) The scene is a dramatic reenactment of one among thousands of spontaneous that led up to the revolution. 这个非同寻常的事件,只不过是最终导致革命的千万个自发行动之一。(dramatic reenactment如具体化翻译就是"戏剧的再现")
(5) Cyrus Vance has always been a clean-desk man, so it did not take him long to prepare to leave Washington. 万斯办事向来有条不紊, 因此, 他并没花大量的时间就作好了离开华盛顿的准备。
(6)Don't worry about it, for the project is on the fire.
别担心,他们正在审议这个计划呢。
二、具体化
具体化(specification)是指采用明确具体的方式来翻译原文中较为概略化的表达。英语原文中有不少词语乃至整个句子的字面意义非常抽象、笼统、概括和空泛,如对等译成汉语,不但译文难以表达出原作者的真正意图,而且译文语义也会含糊不清,很难给读者一个准确的概念。遇到这种情况时,译者可以、甚至必须根据具体的语言环境和上下文的事理联系,把这些字面意义捉摸不定的词句用汉语里含意明确具体的词句加以表达,使原文比较抽象的表达方式变得比较实在、比较空泛的变得比较具体、比较笼统的变得比较明确。具体化翻译涉及的范围较广,大致可分为以下几种情况:
A. 抽象概念具体化。英语中经常使用一些含义抽象的词句,但从上下文的逻辑来看,作者的本意是在表达具体概念,因此翻译时应选用含义明确的汉语,还其本来的面目。例如:
(1)For anti-aircraft and anti-missile applications considerable importance must attributed to an unmanned fully automatic gun and to a substantial reserve of ready use ammunition which can be fired without human intervention.在防空和反导弹战斗中,必须强调以下两个因素的重大作用:一是无人操作的全自动火炮;二是勿需人工装填、随时可以发射的大量备用弹药。
(2) You may have read stories in which the hero gets into his spaceship and"blasts off"into the outer reaches of space without a worry about fuel.你大概读过这样一些故事吧。它们描写一个英雄坐上飞船,"风驰电掣",直冲九宵云外,毋须为燃料担心发愁。
(3) Vietnam was his entree to the new administration, his third incarna-tion as a foreign policy consultant.越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问,那是第三次了。
(4) Where a railway crosses a navigable water way, and it is impossible to lift the line high enough for vessels to pass underneath without interception, a bridge must be built which is capable of being opened in order to allow the river or canal traffic to pass.在铁路经过通航河道的地方,如果那时不可能做到把线路升高到使船只在下面不受阻碍地通过的话,就必须把桥梁修成开启式的,以便江河或运河里的船只通过。
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